Octave 3.8, oct_fill_randg

Percentage Accurate: 99.7% → 99.8%
Time: 10.0s
Alternatives: 5
Speedup: 2.4×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\ t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))
   (* t_0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 t_0))) rand)))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
real(8) function code(a, rand)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = a - (1.0d0 / 3.0d0)
    code = t_0 * (1.0d0 + ((1.0d0 / sqrt((9.0d0 * t_0))) * rand))
end function
public static double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / Math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
def code(a, rand):
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0)
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand))
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(a - Float64(1.0 / 3.0))
	return Float64(t_0 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(9.0 * t_0))) * rand)))
end
function tmp = code(a, rand)
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	tmp = t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a - N[(1.0 / 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(t$95$0 * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(9.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\
t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 5 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\ t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))
   (* t_0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 t_0))) rand)))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
real(8) function code(a, rand)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = a - (1.0d0 / 3.0d0)
    code = t_0 * (1.0d0 + ((1.0d0 / sqrt((9.0d0 * t_0))) * rand))
end function
public static double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / Math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
}
def code(a, rand):
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0)
	return t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / math.sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand))
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(a - Float64(1.0 / 3.0))
	return Float64(t_0 * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(9.0 * t_0))) * rand)))
end
function tmp = code(a, rand)
	t_0 = a - (1.0 / 3.0);
	tmp = t_0 * (1.0 + ((1.0 / sqrt((9.0 * t_0))) * rand));
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a - N[(1.0 / 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(t$95$0 * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(9.0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := a - \frac{1}{3}\\
t\_0 \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot t\_0}} \cdot rand\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.8% accurate, 2.4× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (fma
  (sqrt (+ a -0.3333333333333333))
  (* 0.3333333333333333 rand)
  (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	return fma(sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)), (0.3333333333333333 * rand), (a + -0.3333333333333333));
}
function code(a, rand)
	return fma(sqrt(Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333)), Float64(0.3333333333333333 * rand), Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))
end
code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[Sqrt[N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.3333333333333333 * rand), $MachinePrecision] + N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.5%

    \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a + \frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right)\right) - \frac{1}{3}} \]
  4. Step-by-step derivation
    1. +-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + a\right)} - \frac{1}{3} \]
    2. associate--l+N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
    3. associate-*r*N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    4. *-commutativeN/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    5. lower-fma.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \]
    6. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    7. sub-negN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    8. metadata-evalN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    9. lower-+.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \frac{-1}{3}}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    10. lower-*.f64N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand}, a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \]
    11. sub-negN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]
    12. metadata-evalN/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + \frac{-1}{3}}, \frac{1}{3} \cdot rand, a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}\right) \]
    13. lower-+.f6499.8

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333}\right) \]
  5. Applied rewrites99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333}, 0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
  6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 91.9% accurate, 1.9× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -1 \cdot 10^{+91}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 10^{+112}:\\ \;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (sqrt (+ a -0.3333333333333333)) (* 0.3333333333333333 rand))))
   (if (<= rand -1e+91)
     t_0
     (if (<= rand 1e+112) (+ a -0.3333333333333333) t_0))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)) * (0.3333333333333333 * rand);
	double tmp;
	if (rand <= -1e+91) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (rand <= 1e+112) {
		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, rand)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: rand
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt((a + (-0.3333333333333333d0))) * (0.3333333333333333d0 * rand)
    if (rand <= (-1d+91)) then
        tmp = t_0
    else if (rand <= 1d+112) then
        tmp = a + (-0.3333333333333333d0)
    else
        tmp = t_0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)) * (0.3333333333333333 * rand);
	double tmp;
	if (rand <= -1e+91) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (rand <= 1e+112) {
		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
def code(a, rand):
	t_0 = math.sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)) * (0.3333333333333333 * rand)
	tmp = 0
	if rand <= -1e+91:
		tmp = t_0
	elif rand <= 1e+112:
		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333
	else:
		tmp = t_0
	return tmp
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = Float64(sqrt(Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333)) * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * rand))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (rand <= -1e+91)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (rand <= 1e+112)
		tmp = Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(a, rand)
	t_0 = sqrt((a + -0.3333333333333333)) * (0.3333333333333333 * rand);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (rand <= -1e+91)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (rand <= 1e+112)
		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Sqrt[N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.3333333333333333 * rand), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[rand, -1e+91], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[rand, 1e+112], N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -1 \cdot 10^{+91}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\

\mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 10^{+112}:\\
\;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if rand < -1.00000000000000008e91 or 9.9999999999999993e111 < rand

    1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in rand around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(rand \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}\right)} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r*N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \cdot \sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} \]
      2. *-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} \]
      3. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right)} \]
      4. lower-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a - \frac{1}{3}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \]
      5. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \]
      6. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto \sqrt{a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \]
      7. lower-+.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{a + \frac{-1}{3}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot rand\right) \]
      8. lower-*.f6494.7

        \[\leadsto \sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand\right)} \]
    5. Applied rewrites94.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{a + -0.3333333333333333} \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot rand\right)} \]

    if -1.00000000000000008e91 < rand < 9.9999999999999993e111

    1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
      2. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
      3. lower-+.f6491.2

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
    5. Applied rewrites91.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 91.3% accurate, 2.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, -0.3333333333333333\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{+91}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 6.5 \cdot 10^{+111}:\\ \;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (a rand)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma (* 0.3333333333333333 (sqrt a)) rand -0.3333333333333333)))
   (if (<= rand -1.15e+91)
     t_0
     (if (<= rand 6.5e+111) (+ a -0.3333333333333333) t_0))))
double code(double a, double rand) {
	double t_0 = fma((0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a)), rand, -0.3333333333333333);
	double tmp;
	if (rand <= -1.15e+91) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (rand <= 6.5e+111) {
		tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(a, rand)
	t_0 = fma(Float64(0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a)), rand, -0.3333333333333333)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (rand <= -1.15e+91)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (rand <= 6.5e+111)
		tmp = Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end
code[a_, rand_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[rand, -1.15e+91], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[rand, 6.5e+111], N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, -0.3333333333333333\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;rand \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{+91}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\

\mathbf{elif}\;rand \leq 6.5 \cdot 10^{+111}:\\
\;\;\;\;a + -0.3333333333333333\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;t\_0\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if rand < -1.14999999999999996e91 or 6.5000000000000002e111 < rand

    1. Initial program 98.7%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      2. lift--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      3. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      4. lift--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      5. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      6. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      7. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      8. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand}\right) \]
      9. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
      10. distribute-lft-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
    4. Applied rewrites98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + \frac{-1}{3}\right) \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + \frac{-1}{3}\right) \]
      2. lower-sqrt.f6498.4

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{a}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
    7. Applied rewrites98.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
    8. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}}\right) \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. Applied rewrites93.4%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, \color{blue}{-0.3333333333333333}\right) \]

      if -1.14999999999999996e91 < rand < 6.5000000000000002e111

      1. Initial program 99.9%

        \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      2. Add Preprocessing
      3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
      4. Step-by-step derivation
        1. sub-negN/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
        2. metadata-evalN/A

          \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
        3. lower-+.f6491.2

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
      5. Applied rewrites91.2%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
    10. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
    11. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 4: 98.8% accurate, 2.7× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (a rand)
     :precision binary64
     (fma (* 0.3333333333333333 (sqrt a)) rand (+ a -0.3333333333333333)))
    double code(double a, double rand) {
    	return fma((0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a)), rand, (a + -0.3333333333333333));
    }
    
    function code(a, rand)
    	return fma(Float64(0.3333333333333333 * sqrt(a)), rand, Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333))
    end
    
    code[a_, rand_] := N[(N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Sqrt[a], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * rand + N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.5%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      2. lift--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      3. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      4. lift--.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      5. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      6. lift-sqrt.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      7. lift-/.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}}} \cdot rand\right) \]
      8. lift-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand}\right) \]
      9. +-commutativeN/A

        \[\leadsto \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand + 1\right)} \]
      10. distribute-lft-inN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) + \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot 1} \]
    4. Applied rewrites99.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{a + -0.3333333333333333}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(9, a, -3\right)}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right)} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + \frac{-1}{3}\right) \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. lower-*.f64N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + \frac{-1}{3}\right) \]
      2. lower-sqrt.f6498.8

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{a}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
    7. Applied rewrites98.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \sqrt{a}}, rand, a + -0.3333333333333333\right) \]
    8. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 5: 63.4% accurate, 17.0× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ a + -0.3333333333333333 \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (a rand) :precision binary64 (+ a -0.3333333333333333))
    double code(double a, double rand) {
    	return a + -0.3333333333333333;
    }
    
    real(8) function code(a, rand)
        real(8), intent (in) :: a
        real(8), intent (in) :: rand
        code = a + (-0.3333333333333333d0)
    end function
    
    public static double code(double a, double rand) {
    	return a + -0.3333333333333333;
    }
    
    def code(a, rand):
    	return a + -0.3333333333333333
    
    function code(a, rand)
    	return Float64(a + -0.3333333333333333)
    end
    
    function tmp = code(a, rand)
    	tmp = a + -0.3333333333333333;
    end
    
    code[a_, rand_] := N[(a + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    a + -0.3333333333333333
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Initial program 99.5%

      \[\left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cdot \left(a - \frac{1}{3}\right)}} \cdot rand\right) \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in rand around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a - \frac{1}{3}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. sub-negN/A

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)\right)} \]
      2. metadata-evalN/A

        \[\leadsto a + \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{3}} \]
      3. lower-+.f6459.5

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
    5. Applied rewrites59.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a + -0.3333333333333333} \]
    6. Add Preprocessing

    Reproduce

    ?
    herbie shell --seed 2024212 
    (FPCore (a rand)
      :name "Octave 3.8, oct_fill_randg"
      :precision binary64
      (* (- a (/ 1.0 3.0)) (+ 1.0 (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt (* 9.0 (- a (/ 1.0 3.0))))) rand))))