Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (25)

Percentage Accurate: 73.0% → 99.9%

Time: 11.6s

Alternatives: 12

Speedup: 5.7×

• 60.8% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (+ 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (- 1.0 (* 3.0 a))))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0d0 - (3.0d0 * a)))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 + a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 73.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (+
   (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
   (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (+ 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (- 1.0 (* 3.0 a))))))
  1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0d0 - (3.0d0 * a)))))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 + a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 + a)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (3.0 * a)))))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)\\ t_1 := 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a + 1\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - a \cdot 3\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + t\_1 \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(t\_1 + \frac{t\_0}{\frac{1}{t\_0}}\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 2, 4\right)}{a} - -4}{a}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma a a (* b b)))
        (t_1 (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (+ a 1.0)) (* (* b b) (- 1.0 (* a 3.0)))))))
   (if (<= (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) t_1) INFINITY)
     (+ (+ t_1 (/ t_0 (/ 1.0 t_0))) -1.0)
     (*
      (* a (* a (* a a)))
      (+ 1.0 (/ (- (/ (fma b (* b 2.0) 4.0) a) -4.0) a))))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = fma(a, a, (b * b));
	double t_1 = 4.0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (a * 3.0))));
	double tmp;
	if ((pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + t_1) <= ((double) INFINITY)) {
		tmp = (t_1 + (t_0 / (1.0 / t_0))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0 + (((fma(b, (b * 2.0), 4.0) / a) - -4.0) / a));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = fma(a, a, Float64(b * b))
	t_1 = Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a + 1.0)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(a * 3.0)))))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + t_1) <= Inf)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(t_1 + Float64(t_0 / Float64(1.0 / t_0))) + -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a))) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(Float64(fma(b, Float64(b * 2.0), 4.0) / a) - -4.0) / a)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a * a + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(a * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], Infinity], N[(N[(t$95$1 + N[(t$95$0 / N[(1.0 / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(N[(N[(b * N[(b * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] / a), $MachinePrecision] - -4.0), $MachinePrecision] / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a)))))) < +inf.0

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      2. flip-+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      3. clear-num N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      4. un-div-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot a + b \cdot b}{\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      5. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot a + b \cdot b}{\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      6. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}}{\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right)}{\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      8. clear-num N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) - \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      9. flip-+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{a \cdot a + b \cdot b}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      10. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{a \cdot a + b \cdot b}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      11. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 99.8

          \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right)}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}}} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]

   if +inf.0 < (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a))))))

   1. Initial program 0.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      3. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({a}^{3} \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      6. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      11. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      12. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      13. --lowering--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      14. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}}\right) \]

   5. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{-4 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 2, 4\right)}{a}}{a}\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a + 1\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - a \cdot 3\right)\right) \leq \infty:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a + 1\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - a \cdot 3\right)\right) + \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}{\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, b \cdot b\right)}}\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 2, 4\right)}{a} - -4}{a}\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 51.8% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a + 1\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - a \cdot 3\right)\right) \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<=
      (+
       (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)
       (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (+ a 1.0)) (* (* b b) (- 1.0 (* a 3.0))))))
      1.0)
   -1.0
   (* (* a a) 4.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (a * 3.0)))))) <= 1.0) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * 4.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0d0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0d0 - (a * 3.0d0)))))) <= 1.0d0) then
        tmp = -1.0d0
    else
        tmp = (a * a) * 4.0d0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (a * 3.0)))))) <= 1.0) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * 4.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (a * 3.0)))))) <= 1.0:
		tmp = -1.0
	else:
		tmp = (a * a) * 4.0
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(a + 1.0)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(a * 3.0)))))) <= 1.0)
		tmp = -1.0;
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * 4.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (a + 1.0)) + ((b * b) * (1.0 - (a * 3.0)))))) <= 1.0)
		tmp = -1.0;
	else
		tmp = (a * a) * 4.0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(a * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 1.0], -1.0, N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a)))))) < 1

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} - 1 \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} - 1 \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

      5. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 97.2

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   5. Simplified 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]

   if 1 < (+.f64 (pow.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 a a) (*.f64 b b)) #s(literal 2 binary64)) (*.f64 #s(literal 4 binary64) (+.f64 (*.f64 (*.f64 a a) (+.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) a)) (*.f64 (*.f64 b b) (-.f64 #s(literal 1 binary64) (*.f64 #s(literal 3 binary64) a))))))

   1. Initial program 69.6%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      3. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({a}^{3} \cdot a\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      4. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{3}\right)} \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      6. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right) \]

      11. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      12. unsub-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      13. --lowering--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}\right)} \]

      14. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot \frac{4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{a} - 4}{a}}\right) \]

   5. Simplified 67.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{-4 - \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 2, 4\right)}{a}}{a}\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{-4 - \color{blue}{\frac{4}{a}}}{a}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. /-lowering-/.f64 56.8

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{-4 - \color{blue}{\frac{4}{a}}}{a}\right) \]

   8. Simplified 56.8%

      \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{-4 - \color{blue}{\frac{4}{a}}}{a}\right) \]

   9. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2}} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2}} \]

       2. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]

       3. *-lowering-*.f64 27.5

          \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)} \]

   11. Simplified 27.5%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 44.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a + 1\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - a \cdot 3\right)\right) \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 4\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.2% accurate, 2.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-15}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+115}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), a \cdot 4\right), -1\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e-15)
   (fma (* a a) (fma a a (fma 4.0 a 4.0)) -1.0)
   (if (<= (* b b) 2e+115)
     (fma
      b
      (* b (fma b b 4.0))
      (fma a (fma (* b b) (fma 2.0 a -12.0) (* a 4.0)) -1.0))
     (fma (* b b) (fma b b 4.0) -1.0))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e-15) {
		tmp = fma((a * a), fma(a, a, fma(4.0, a, 4.0)), -1.0);
	} else if ((b * b) <= 2e+115) {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), fma(a, fma((b * b), fma(2.0, a, -12.0), (a * 4.0)), -1.0));
	} else {
		tmp = fma((b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e-15)
		tmp = fma(Float64(a * a), fma(a, a, fma(4.0, a, 4.0)), -1.0);
	elseif (Float64(b * b) <= 2e+115)
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), fma(a, fma(Float64(b * b), fma(2.0, a, -12.0), Float64(a * 4.0)), -1.0));
	else
		tmp = fma(Float64(b * b), fma(b, b, 4.0), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e-15], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a + N[(4.0 * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 2e+115], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(a * N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(2.0 * a + -12.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(a * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 4.99999999999999999e-15

   1. Initial program 79.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right)} \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{a \cdot a} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      13. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)}, -1\right) \]

      14. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a + 1\right)}\right), -1\right) \]

      15. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{4 \cdot a + 4 \cdot 1}\right), -1\right) \]

      16. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot a + \color{blue}{4}\right), -1\right) \]

      17. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 99.1

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)}\right), -1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)\right), -1\right)} \]

   if 4.99999999999999999e-15 < (*.f64 b b) < 2e115

   1. Initial program 73.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 89.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   if 2e115 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 74.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 4\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 4\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      7. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, {b}^{2} + 4, -1\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 4, -1\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {b}^{2} + 4, -1\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{b \cdot b} + 4, -1\right) \]

      11. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 100.0

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)}, -1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-15}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+115}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), a \cdot 4\right), -1\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 94.2% accurate, 4.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-15}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e-15)
   (fma (* a a) (fma a a (fma 4.0 a 4.0)) -1.0)
   (fma b (* b (fma b b 4.0)) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e-15) {
		tmp = fma((a * a), fma(a, a, fma(4.0, a, 4.0)), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e-15)
		tmp = fma(Float64(a * a), fma(a, a, fma(4.0, a, 4.0)), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e-15], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * a + N[(4.0 * a + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 4.99999999999999999e-15

   1. Initial program 79.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({a}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      4. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}} + 4 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      6. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) \cdot {a}^{2}}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      7. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right) \]

      8. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right) + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      9. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({a}^{2}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right)} \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{a \cdot a}, {a}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{a \cdot a} + 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right), -1\right) \]

      13. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot \left(1 + a\right)\right)}, -1\right) \]

      14. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a + 1\right)}\right), -1\right) \]

      15. distribute-lft-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{4 \cdot a + 4 \cdot 1}\right), -1\right) \]

      16. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, 4 \cdot a + \color{blue}{4}\right), -1\right) \]

      17. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 99.1

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)}\right), -1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(a \cdot a, \mathsf{fma}\left(a, a, \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a, 4\right)\right), -1\right)} \]

   if 4.99999999999999999e-15 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 74.2%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 86.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 91.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 92.4% accurate, 5.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;a \leq -8 \cdot 10^{+79}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 2.6 \cdot 10^{+76}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* a (* a (* a a)))))
   (if (<= a -8e+79)
     t_0
     (if (<= a 2.6e+76) (fma b (* b (fma b b 4.0)) -1.0) t_0))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = a * (a * (a * a));
	double tmp;
	if (a <= -8e+79) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (a <= 2.6e+76) {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a)))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (a <= -8e+79)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (a <= 2.6e+76)
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[a, -8e+79], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[a, 2.6e+76], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if a < -7.99999999999999974e79 or 2.5999999999999999e76 < a

   1. Initial program 40.0%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} \]

      5. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 100.0

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) \]

   5. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]

   if -7.99999999999999974e79 < a < 2.5999999999999999e76

   1. Initial program 97.4%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 82.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 89.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 93.5% accurate, 5.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-15}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 5e-15)
   (+ (* a (* a (* a a))) -1.0)
   (fma b (* b (fma b b 4.0)) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 5e-15) {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 5e-15)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a))) + -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * fma(b, b, 4.0)), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 5e-15], N[(N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 4.99999999999999999e-15

   1. Initial program 79.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} - 1 \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} - 1 \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} - 1 \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

      5. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right) - 1 \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 97.2

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   5. Simplified 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   if 4.99999999999999999e-15 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 74.2%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 86.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 91.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 94.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-15}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), -1\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 82.7% accurate, 5.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;a \leq -56000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 2.4:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 4, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* a (* a (* a a)))))
   (if (<= a -56000000000.0) t_0 (if (<= a 2.4) (fma b (* b 4.0) -1.0) t_0))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = a * (a * (a * a));
	double tmp;
	if (a <= -56000000000.0) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (a <= 2.4) {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * 4.0), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a)))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (a <= -56000000000.0)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (a <= 2.4)
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * 4.0), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[a, -56000000000.0], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[a, 2.4], N[(b * N[(b * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if a < -5.6e10 or 2.39999999999999991 < a

   1. Initial program 53.5%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} \]

      2. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} \]

      5. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 85.1

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) \]

   5. Simplified 85.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]

   if -5.6e10 < a < 2.39999999999999991

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 88.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   9. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \color{blue}{4}, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Simplified 72.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \color{blue}{4}, -1\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 67.0% accurate, 7.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 190:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 190.0) (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0) (* b (* b (fma b b 4.0)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 190.0) {
		tmp = fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = b * (b * fma(b, b, 4.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 190.0)
		tmp = fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(b * Float64(b * fma(b, b, 4.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 190.0], N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 190

   1. Initial program 79.6%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 53.3

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Simplified 53.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   if 190 < b

   1. Initial program 69.4%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 88.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 88.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   9. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right)} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. distribute-rgt-in N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot {b}^{4} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4}} \]

       2. *-lft-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} \]

       3. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} \]

       4. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}} + \left(4 \cdot \frac{1}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot {b}^{4} \]

       5. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{4}\right)} \]

       6. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}}\right) \]

       7. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

       8. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{{b}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

       9. lft-mult-inverse N/A

          \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

       10. *-lft-identity N/A

           \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

       11. distribute-rgt-in N/A

           \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 4\right)} \]

       12. +-commutative N/A

           \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)} \]

       13. unpow2 N/A

           \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right) \]

       14. associate-*r* N/A

           \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

       15. distribute-rgt-in N/A

           \[\leadsto b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b + {b}^{2} \cdot b\right)} \]

       16. unpow2 N/A

           \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot b\right) \]

       17. unpow3 N/A

           \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b + \color{blue}{{b}^{3}}\right) \]

       18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

           \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b + {b}^{3}\right)} \]

       19. unpow3 N/A

           \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) \]

       20. unpow2 N/A

           \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b + \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \cdot b\right) \]

   11. Simplified 88.6%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 67.0% accurate, 7.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 2900:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 2900.0) (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0) (* b (* b (* b b)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 2900.0) {
		tmp = fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 2900.0)
		tmp = fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(b * b)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 2900.0], N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 2900

   1. Initial program 79.6%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 53.3

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Simplified 53.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   if 2900 < b

   1. Initial program 69.4%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot {b}^{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 88.0

         \[\leadsto b \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) \]

   5. Simplified 88.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 60.6% accurate, 8.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq 1.4 \cdot 10^{+140}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot 4, -1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b 1.4e+140) (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0) (fma b (* b 4.0) -1.0)))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= 1.4e+140) {
		tmp = fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = fma(b, (b * 4.0), -1.0);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= 1.4e+140)
		tmp = fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0);
	else
		tmp = fma(b, Float64(b * 4.0), -1.0);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 1.4e+140], N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * 4.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if b < 1.39999999999999991e140

   1. Initial program 77.7%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 79.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} - 1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

      3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 49.0

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   8. Simplified 49.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]

   if 1.39999999999999991e140 < b

   1. Initial program 73.1%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

      2. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

      3. associate--l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      6. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      7. cube-unmult N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      8. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      10. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

      12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   5. Simplified 76.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right) \]

   9. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \color{blue}{4}, -1\right) \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

   11. Simplified 86.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \color{blue}{4}, -1\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 51.5% accurate, 13.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (fma 4.0 (* a a) -1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return fma(4.0, (a * a), -1.0);
}

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return fma(4.0, Float64(a * a), -1.0)
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(4.0 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 77.2%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) + {b}^{4}\right)\right) - 1} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   2. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   3. associate--l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \left({b}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   6. pow-plus N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{{b}^{3} \cdot b} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   7. cube-unmult N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   10. associate-*r* N/A

       \[\leadsto \left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b}\right) + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   11. distribute-rgt-out N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)} + \left(a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right) \]

   12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b, a \cdot \left(-12 \cdot {b}^{2} + a \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right) - 1\right)} \]

5. Simplified 79.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(b, b \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b, b, 4\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(a, \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, a, -12\right), 4 \cdot a\right), -1\right)\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} - 1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto 4 \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{-1} \]

   3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, {a}^{2}, -1\right)} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 44.7

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(4, \color{blue}{a \cdot a}, -1\right) \]

8. Simplified 44.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4, a \cdot a, -1\right)} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 25.0% accurate, 160.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 -1.0)

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = -1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return -1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return -1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = -1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := -1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 77.2%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 + a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(1 - 3 \cdot a\right)\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} - 1 \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto {a}^{\color{blue}{\left(3 + 1\right)}} - 1 \]

   2. pow-plus N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{3} \cdot a} - 1 \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot {a}^{3}} - 1 \]

   5. cube-mult N/A

      \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   6. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}}\right) - 1 \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} - 1 \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 66.3

      \[\leadsto a \cdot \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}\right) - 1 \]

5. Simplified 66.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

6. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Simplified 24.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024207 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (25)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (+ 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (- 1.0 (* 3.0 a)))))) 1.0))