Hyperbolic sine

Percentage Accurate: 54.7% → 100.0%

Time: 10.9s

Alternatives: 10

Speedup: 12.8×

• 50.0% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 54.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 2.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sinh x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (sinh x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return sinh(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = sinh(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.sinh(x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.sinh(x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return sinh(x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sinh(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Sinh[x], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sinh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   2. sinh-lowering-sinh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 75.3% accurate, 2.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 4 \cdot 10^{+61}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), t\_0 \cdot t\_0, -1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, t\_0, -1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (fma (* x x) 0.008333333333333333 0.16666666666666666)))
   (if (<= x 4e+61)
     (/
      (* x (fma (* (* x x) (* x x)) (* t_0 t_0) -1.0))
      (fma (* x x) t_0 -1.0))
     (* 0.008333333333333333 (* x (* x (* x (* x x))))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = fma((x * x), 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666);
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 4e+61) {
		tmp = (x * fma(((x * x) * (x * x)), (t_0 * t_0), -1.0)) / fma((x * x), t_0, -1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = 0.008333333333333333 * (x * (x * (x * (x * x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = fma(Float64(x * x), 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 4e+61)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(x * fma(Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(x * x)), Float64(t_0 * t_0), -1.0)) / fma(Float64(x * x), t_0, -1.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.008333333333333333 * Float64(x * Float64(x * Float64(x * Float64(x * x)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.008333333333333333 + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, 4e+61], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * t$95$0 + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.008333333333333333 * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 3.9999999999999998e61

   1. Initial program 42.1%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 0} \]

      2. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 0\right)} \]

      3. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1}, 0\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1, 0\right) \]

      5. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} + 1, 0\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} + 1, 0\right) \]

      7. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x, 1\right)}, 0\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

      10. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{120}} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

      13. associate-*l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right)} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

      14. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{120}, \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 87.5

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.008333333333333333}, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

   5. Simplified 87.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right), 0\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + 1\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot x} \]

      3. flip-+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) - 1 \cdot 1}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) - 1}} \cdot x \]

      4. associate-*l/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) - 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot x}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) - 1}} \]

      5. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) - 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot x}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) - 1}} \]

   7. Applied egg-rr 71.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), -1\right) \cdot x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), -1\right)}} \]

   if 3.9999999999999998e61 < x

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}}{2} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}}{2} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 2\right)}}{2} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 2\right)}{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} + 2\right)}{2} \]

      5. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{3}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{60}} + \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

      9. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 100.0

          \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.016666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   5. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.016666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{5}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{5}} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{\color{blue}{\left(4 + 1\right)}} \]

      3. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{4} \cdot x\right)} \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{4} \cdot x\right)} \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left({x}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} \cdot x\right) \]

      6. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      10. cube-mult N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{3}}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{3}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      12. cube-mult N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      16. *-lowering-*.f64 100.0

          \[\leadsto 0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   8. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 76.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 4 \cdot 10^{+61}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), -1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), -1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 93.9% accurate, 4.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right)\right), x \cdot 0.5, x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma
  (*
   x
   (*
    x
    (fma
     x
     (* x (fma x (* x 0.0003968253968253968) 0.016666666666666666))
     0.3333333333333333)))
  (* x 0.5)
  x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma((x * (x * fma(x, (x * fma(x, (x * 0.0003968253968253968), 0.016666666666666666)), 0.3333333333333333))), (x * 0.5), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(Float64(x * Float64(x * fma(x, Float64(x * fma(x, Float64(x * 0.0003968253968253968), 0.016666666666666666)), 0.3333333333333333))), Float64(x * 0.5), x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * 0.0003968253968253968), $MachinePrecision] + 0.016666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}}{2} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}}{2} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 2\right)}}{2} \]

   3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{3}}, 2\right)}{2} \]

   7. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{3}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

   8. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{60} + \frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   10. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2520} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{60}}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2520}} + \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   12. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right)}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right), \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   14. *-lowering-*.f64 92.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

5. Simplified 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}\right) + \frac{1}{3}\right)\right) + x \cdot 2}}{2} \]

   2. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}\right) + \frac{1}{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)} + x \cdot 2}{2} \]

   3. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}\right) + \frac{1}{3}\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)} + x \cdot 2}{2} \]

   4. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}\right) + \frac{1}{3}\right), x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}}{2} \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}\right) + \frac{1}{3}\right)}, x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   6. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right)}, x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2520} + \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right), x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   8. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right)}, \frac{1}{3}\right), x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right), \frac{1}{3}\right), x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right), \frac{1}{3}\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot x}, x \cdot 2\right)}{2} \]

   11. *-lowering-*.f64 92.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right), x \cdot x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 2}\right)}{2} \]

7. Applied egg-rr 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right), x \cdot x, x \cdot 2\right)}}{2} \]

9. Applied egg-rr 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right)\right), x \cdot 0.5, 2 \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} \]

10. Taylor expanded in x around 0

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{2520}, \frac{1}{60}\right), \frac{1}{3}\right)\right), x \cdot \frac{1}{2}, \color{blue}{x}\right) \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

12. Simplified 92.3%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.0003968253968253968, 0.016666666666666666\right), 0.3333333333333333\right)\right), x \cdot 0.5, \color{blue}{x}\right) \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 93.9% accurate, 5.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.0001984126984126984, 0.008333333333333333\right), 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  x
  (fma
   (* x x)
   (fma
    x
    (* x (fma x (* x 0.0001984126984126984) 0.008333333333333333))
    0.16666666666666666)
   1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return x * fma((x * x), fma(x, (x * fma(x, (x * 0.0001984126984126984), 0.008333333333333333)), 0.16666666666666666), 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(x * fma(Float64(x * x), fma(x, Float64(x * fma(x, Float64(x * 0.0001984126984126984), 0.008333333333333333)), 0.16666666666666666), 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(x * N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * 0.0001984126984126984), $MachinePrecision] + 0.008333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sinh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   2. sinh-lowering-sinh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 1\right)} \]

   3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 1\right)} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{6}}, 1\right) \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \frac{1}{6}, 1\right) \]

   8. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} + \frac{1}{6}, 1\right) \]

   9. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right) \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   11. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5040} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{120}\right)}, \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   12. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{5040}} + \frac{1}{120}\right), \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   13. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{5040} + \frac{1}{120}\right), \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   14. associate-*l* N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{5040}\right)} + \frac{1}{120}\right), \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   15. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{5040}, \frac{1}{120}\right)}, \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   16. *-lowering-*.f64 92.3

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.0001984126984126984}, 0.008333333333333333\right), 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right) \]

7. Simplified 92.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.0001984126984126984, 0.008333333333333333\right), 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 87.9% accurate, 6.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 4.9:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.16666666666666666, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 4.9)
   (* x (fma x (* x 0.16666666666666666) 1.0))
   (* 0.008333333333333333 (* x (* x (* x (* x x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 4.9) {
		tmp = x * fma(x, (x * 0.16666666666666666), 1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = 0.008333333333333333 * (x * (x * (x * (x * x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 4.9)
		tmp = Float64(x * fma(x, Float64(x * 0.16666666666666666), 1.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.008333333333333333 * Float64(x * Float64(x * Float64(x * Float64(x * x)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 4.9], N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.008333333333333333 * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 4.9000000000000004

   1. Initial program 38.0%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sinh-def N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

      2. sinh-lowering-sinh.f64 100.0

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{6}} + 1\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{6} + 1\right) \]

      5. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)} + 1\right) \]

      6. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{6}, 1\right)} \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 90.3

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.16666666666666666}, 1\right) \]

   7. Simplified 90.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.16666666666666666, 1\right)} \]

   if 4.9000000000000004 < x

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}}{2} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}}{2} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 2\right)}}{2} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 2\right)}{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} + 2\right)}{2} \]

      5. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      7. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{60} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{3}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{60}} + \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

      9. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right)}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{60}, \frac{1}{3}\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 76.7

          \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.016666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}{2} \]

   5. Simplified 76.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.016666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333\right), 2\right)}}{2} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{5}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{5}} \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{\color{blue}{\left(4 + 1\right)}} \]

      3. pow-plus N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{4} \cdot x\right)} \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{4} \cdot x\right)} \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left({x}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}} \cdot x\right) \]

      6. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      9. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      10. cube-mult N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{3}}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{3}\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      12. cube-mult N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      13. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \frac{1}{120} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

      16. *-lowering-*.f64 76.7

          \[\leadsto 0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \]

   8. Simplified 76.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \cdot x\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 87.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 4.9:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.16666666666666666, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.008333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 91.3% accurate, 7.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  x
  (fma (* x x) (fma x (* x 0.008333333333333333) 0.16666666666666666) 1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return x * fma((x * x), fma(x, (x * 0.008333333333333333), 0.16666666666666666), 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(x * fma(Float64(x * x), fma(x, Float64(x * 0.008333333333333333), 0.16666666666666666), 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(x * N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * N[(x * 0.008333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sinh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   2. sinh-lowering-sinh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \]

   3. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}, 1\right)} \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}, 1\right) \]

   6. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{6}}, 1\right) \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{1}{120} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} + \frac{1}{6}, 1\right) \]

   8. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{120} \cdot x\right) \cdot x} + \frac{1}{6}, 1\right) \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{120} \cdot x\right)} + \frac{1}{6}, 1\right) \]

   10. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \frac{1}{120} \cdot x, \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right) \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{120}}, \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right) \]

   12. *-lowering-*.f64 89.6

       \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.008333333333333333}, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right) \]

7. Simplified 89.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 91.0% accurate, 8.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.008333333333333333\right), x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (* x (* x x)) (* x (* x 0.008333333333333333)) x))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma((x * (x * x)), (x * (x * 0.008333333333333333)), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(Float64(x * Float64(x * x)), Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.008333333333333333)), x)
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * N[(x * 0.008333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + x), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right) + 0} \]

   2. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right), 0\right)} \]

   3. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1}, 0\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 1, 0\right) \]

   5. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} + 1, 0\right) \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)} + 1, 0\right) \]

   7. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x, 1\right)}, 0\right) \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

   10. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2} + \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{120}} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

   12. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{120} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

   13. associate-*l* N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right)} + \frac{1}{6}\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

   14. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{120}, \frac{1}{6}\right)}, 1\right), 0\right) \]

   15. *-lowering-*.f64 89.6

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.008333333333333333}, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right), 0\right) \]

5. Simplified 89.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), 1\right), 0\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) + 1\right)} \]

   2. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) + x \cdot 1} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{x} \]

   4. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)\right)} + x \]

   5. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}\right)} + x \]

   6. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}, x\right)} \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)}, x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   8. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}, x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right) + \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   9. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{120}} + \frac{1}{6}, x\right) \]

   10. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, \frac{1}{120}, \frac{1}{6}\right)}, x\right) \]

   11. *-lowering-*.f64 89.6

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), x\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 89.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.008333333333333333, 0.16666666666666666\right), x\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in x around inf

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{\frac{1}{120} \cdot {x}^{2}}, x\right) \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{120}}, x\right) \]

   2. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{120}, x\right) \]

   3. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right)}, x\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{120}\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 89.4

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 0.008333333333333333\right)}, x\right) \]

10. Simplified 89.4%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.008333333333333333\right)}, x\right) \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 67.8% accurate, 9.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 2.45:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 2.45) x (* 0.16666666666666666 (* x (* x x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 2.45) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = 0.16666666666666666 * (x * (x * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= 2.45d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = 0.16666666666666666d0 * (x * (x * x))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 2.45) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = 0.16666666666666666 * (x * (x * x));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 2.45:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = 0.16666666666666666 * (x * (x * x))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 2.45)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.16666666666666666 * Float64(x * Float64(x * x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 2.45)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = 0.16666666666666666 * (x * (x * x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 2.45], x, N[(0.16666666666666666 * N[(x * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 2.4500000000000002

   1. Initial program 38.0%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

   5. Simplified 69.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 2.4500000000000002 < x

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}}{2} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(2 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}}{2} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2} + 2\right)}}{2} \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{3}} + 2\right)}{2} \]

      4. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{2}, \frac{1}{3}, 2\right)}}{2} \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, \frac{1}{3}, 2\right)}{2} \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 61.8

         \[\leadsto \frac{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{x \cdot x}, 0.3333333333333333, 2\right)}{2} \]

   5. Simplified 61.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, 0.3333333333333333, 2\right)}}{2} \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3}} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

      2. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{6} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{2}}\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{6} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 61.8

         \[\leadsto 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right) \]

   8. Simplified 61.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 84.8% accurate, 12.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.16666666666666666, 1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x (fma x (* x 0.16666666666666666) 1.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return x * fma(x, (x * 0.16666666666666666), 1.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(x * fma(x, Float64(x * 0.16666666666666666), 1.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(x * N[(x * N[(x * 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sinh-def N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

   2. sinh-lowering-sinh.f64 100.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sinh x} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \frac{1}{6}} + 1\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{6} + 1\right) \]

   5. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)} + 1\right) \]

   6. accelerator-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot \frac{1}{6}, 1\right)} \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f64 84.0

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, \color{blue}{x \cdot 0.16666666666666666}, 1\right) \]

7. Simplified 84.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.16666666666666666, 1\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 51.8% accurate, 217.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)

C

double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return x

Julia

function code(x)
	return x
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := x

Derivation

1. Initial program 51.8%

   \[\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

5. Simplified 54.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024196 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic sine"
  :precision binary64
  (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))