
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0))); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0))); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (pow (+ x 1.0) -0.5) (+ (+ (* x 2.0) (/ -0.125 x)) 0.5)))
double code(double x) {
return pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / (((x * 2.0) + (-0.125 / x)) + 0.5);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x + 1.0d0) ** (-0.5d0)) / (((x * 2.0d0) + ((-0.125d0) / x)) + 0.5d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / (((x * 2.0) + (-0.125 / x)) + 0.5);
}
def code(x): return math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / (((x * 2.0) + (-0.125 / x)) + 0.5)
function code(x) return Float64((Float64(x + 1.0) ^ -0.5) / Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(-0.125 / x)) + 0.5)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x + 1.0) ^ -0.5) / (((x * 2.0) + (-0.125 / x)) + 0.5); end
code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.125 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(x \cdot 2 + \frac{-0.125}{x}\right) + 0.5}
\end{array}
Initial program 39.1%
Applied egg-rr41.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
+-commutativeN/A
associate--l+N/A
distribute-rgt-inN/A
associate-*l*N/A
lft-mult-inverseN/A
metadata-evalN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
distribute-neg-fracN/A
metadata-evalN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
unpow2N/A
*-lowering-*.f6440.7%
Simplified40.7%
*-commutativeN/A
clear-numN/A
un-div-invN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
pow-lowering-pow.f64N/A
+-commutativeN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
associate--l+N/A
+-inversesN/A
metadata-evalN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
Applied egg-rr99.5%
/-rgt-identityN/A
+-commutativeN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
distribute-rgt-inN/A
*-commutativeN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
div-invN/A
associate-*l*N/A
pow2N/A
pow-flipN/A
pow-plusN/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-evalN/A
inv-powN/A
div-invN/A
/-lowering-/.f6499.5%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (pow (+ x 1.0) -0.5) (+ (* x 2.0) 0.5)))
double code(double x) {
return pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / ((x * 2.0) + 0.5);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x + 1.0d0) ** (-0.5d0)) / ((x * 2.0d0) + 0.5d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / ((x * 2.0) + 0.5);
}
def code(x): return math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5) / ((x * 2.0) + 0.5)
function code(x) return Float64((Float64(x + 1.0) ^ -0.5) / Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + 0.5)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x + 1.0) ^ -0.5) / ((x * 2.0) + 0.5); end
code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot 2 + 0.5}
\end{array}
Initial program 39.1%
Applied egg-rr41.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
+-commutativeN/A
associate--l+N/A
distribute-rgt-inN/A
associate-*l*N/A
lft-mult-inverseN/A
metadata-evalN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
distribute-neg-fracN/A
metadata-evalN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
unpow2N/A
*-lowering-*.f6440.7%
Simplified40.7%
*-commutativeN/A
clear-numN/A
un-div-invN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
pow-lowering-pow.f64N/A
+-commutativeN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
associate--l+N/A
+-inversesN/A
metadata-evalN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
Applied egg-rr99.5%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
+-commutativeN/A
distribute-rgt-inN/A
associate-*l*N/A
lft-mult-inverseN/A
metadata-evalN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
*-commutativeN/A
*-lowering-*.f6499.2%
Simplified99.2%
Final simplification99.2%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 0.5 (pow x -1.5)))
double code(double x) {
return 0.5 * pow(x, -1.5);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.5d0 * (x ** (-1.5d0))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.5 * Math.pow(x, -1.5);
}
def code(x): return 0.5 * math.pow(x, -1.5)
function code(x) return Float64(0.5 * (x ^ -1.5)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.5 * (x ^ -1.5); end
code[x_] := N[(0.5 * N[Power[x, -1.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}
\end{array}
Initial program 39.1%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
distribute-lft-out--N/A
*-commutativeN/A
associate-/l*N/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
--lowering--.f64N/A
sqrt-lowering-sqrt.f64N/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
sqrt-lowering-sqrt.f64N/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
unpow2N/A
*-lowering-*.f6483.0%
Simplified83.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
mul-1-negN/A
neg-sub0N/A
--lowering--.f64N/A
sqrt-lowering-sqrt.f6482.9%
Simplified82.9%
*-commutativeN/A
frac-2negN/A
metadata-evalN/A
flip3--N/A
frac-timesN/A
metadata-evalN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
distribute-rgt-outN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
+-commutativeN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
+-lft-identityN/A
rem-square-sqrtN/A
Applied egg-rr82.9%
*-commutativeN/A
clear-numN/A
associate-*r/N/A
div-invN/A
metadata-evalN/A
times-fracN/A
metadata-evalN/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
pow1/2N/A
pow2N/A
pow-divN/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-evalN/A
pow-lowering-pow.f64N/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-evalN/A
metadata-eval98.2%
Applied egg-rr98.2%
Final simplification98.2%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (/ 0.0625 (* x x)) x))
double code(double x) {
return (0.0625 / (x * x)) / x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (0.0625d0 / (x * x)) / x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (0.0625 / (x * x)) / x;
}
def code(x): return (0.0625 / (x * x)) / x
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(0.0625 / Float64(x * x)) / x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (0.0625 / (x * x)) / x; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(0.0625 / N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\frac{0.0625}{x \cdot x}}{x}
\end{array}
Initial program 39.1%
Applied egg-rr41.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
Simplified99.5%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
Simplified99.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
unpow3N/A
unpow2N/A
associate-/r*N/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
unpow2N/A
*-lowering-*.f6437.5%
Simplified37.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x -8.0))
double code(double x) {
return x * -8.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * (-8.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * -8.0;
}
def code(x): return x * -8.0
function code(x) return Float64(x * -8.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * -8.0; end
code[x_] := N[(x * -8.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot -8
\end{array}
Initial program 39.1%
Applied egg-rr41.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf
+-commutativeN/A
associate--l+N/A
distribute-rgt-inN/A
associate-*l*N/A
lft-mult-inverseN/A
metadata-evalN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
*-lowering-*.f64N/A
sub-negN/A
+-lowering-+.f64N/A
distribute-neg-fracN/A
metadata-evalN/A
/-lowering-/.f64N/A
unpow2N/A
*-lowering-*.f6440.7%
Simplified40.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0
*-commutativeN/A
*-lowering-*.f641.8%
Simplified1.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (+ (* (+ x 1.0) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1.0))))))
double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0))));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0 / (((x + 1.0d0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * Math.sqrt(x)) + (x * Math.sqrt((x + 1.0))));
}
def code(x): return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * math.sqrt(x)) + (x * math.sqrt((x + 1.0))))
function code(x) return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(Float64(x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + Float64(x * sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0))))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0)))); end
code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{\left(x + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{x} + x \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (pow x -0.5) (pow (+ x 1.0) -0.5)))
double code(double x) {
return pow(x, -0.5) - pow((x + 1.0), -0.5);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x ** (-0.5d0)) - ((x + 1.0d0) ** (-0.5d0))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.pow(x, -0.5) - Math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5);
}
def code(x): return math.pow(x, -0.5) - math.pow((x + 1.0), -0.5)
function code(x) return Float64((x ^ -0.5) - (Float64(x + 1.0) ^ -0.5)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x ^ -0.5) - ((x + 1.0) ^ -0.5); end
code[x_] := N[(N[Power[x, -0.5], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{x}^{-0.5} - {\left(x + 1\right)}^{-0.5}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024192
(FPCore (x)
:name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (> x 1.0) (< x 1e+308))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (/ 1 (+ (* (+ x 1) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1))))))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (- (pow x -1/2) (pow (+ x 1) -1/2)))
(- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))