
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(*
(fma 1.0973936899862826e-5 (pow x 6.0) 0.037037037037037035)
(/
x
(fma
(* 0.022222222222222223 (pow x 2.0))
(fma 0.022222222222222223 (pow x 2.0) -0.3333333333333333)
0.1111111111111111))))
double code(double x) {
return fma(1.0973936899862826e-5, pow(x, 6.0), 0.037037037037037035) * (x / fma((0.022222222222222223 * pow(x, 2.0)), fma(0.022222222222222223, pow(x, 2.0), -0.3333333333333333), 0.1111111111111111));
}
function code(x) return Float64(fma(1.0973936899862826e-5, (x ^ 6.0), 0.037037037037037035) * Float64(x / fma(Float64(0.022222222222222223 * (x ^ 2.0)), fma(0.022222222222222223, (x ^ 2.0), -0.3333333333333333), 0.1111111111111111))) end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0973936899862826e-5 * N[Power[x, 6.0], $MachinePrecision] + 0.037037037037037035), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / N[(N[(0.022222222222222223 * N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.022222222222222223 * N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + 0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(1.0973936899862826 \cdot 10^{-5}, {x}^{6}, 0.037037037037037035\right) \cdot \frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.022222222222222223 \cdot {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.022222222222222223, {x}^{2}, -0.3333333333333333\right), 0.1111111111111111\right)}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.3%
flip3-+97.9%
associate-*r/98.3%
pow398.3%
+-commutative98.3%
pow398.3%
unpow-prod-down98.3%
fma-define98.3%
metadata-eval98.3%
metadata-eval99.5%
+-commutative99.5%
distribute-rgt-out--99.5%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
associate-/l*99.5%
unpow299.5%
cube-prod99.5%
pow-sqr99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
Simplified99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (- 0.1111111111111111 (* (pow x 4.0) 0.0004938271604938272)) (/ x (+ 0.3333333333333333 (* (pow x 2.0) -0.022222222222222223)))))
double code(double x) {
return (0.1111111111111111 - (pow(x, 4.0) * 0.0004938271604938272)) * (x / (0.3333333333333333 + (pow(x, 2.0) * -0.022222222222222223)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (0.1111111111111111d0 - ((x ** 4.0d0) * 0.0004938271604938272d0)) * (x / (0.3333333333333333d0 + ((x ** 2.0d0) * (-0.022222222222222223d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (0.1111111111111111 - (Math.pow(x, 4.0) * 0.0004938271604938272)) * (x / (0.3333333333333333 + (Math.pow(x, 2.0) * -0.022222222222222223)));
}
def code(x): return (0.1111111111111111 - (math.pow(x, 4.0) * 0.0004938271604938272)) * (x / (0.3333333333333333 + (math.pow(x, 2.0) * -0.022222222222222223)))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(0.1111111111111111 - Float64((x ^ 4.0) * 0.0004938271604938272)) * Float64(x / Float64(0.3333333333333333 + Float64((x ^ 2.0) * -0.022222222222222223)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (0.1111111111111111 - ((x ^ 4.0) * 0.0004938271604938272)) * (x / (0.3333333333333333 + ((x ^ 2.0) * -0.022222222222222223))); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(0.1111111111111111 - N[(N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.0004938271604938272), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / N[(0.3333333333333333 + N[(N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * -0.022222222222222223), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(0.1111111111111111 - {x}^{4} \cdot 0.0004938271604938272\right) \cdot \frac{x}{0.3333333333333333 + {x}^{2} \cdot -0.022222222222222223}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.3%
flip-+99.3%
associate-*r/99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
*-commutative99.4%
*-commutative99.4%
swap-sqr99.4%
pow-prod-up99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
cancel-sign-sub-inv99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
*-commutative99.4%
associate-/l*99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
Simplified99.5%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(*
x
(+
0.3333333333333333
(*
(pow x 2.0)
(+ 0.022222222222222223 (* (* x x) 0.0021164021164021165))))))
double code(double x) {
return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (pow(x, 2.0) * (0.022222222222222223 + ((x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165))));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * (0.3333333333333333d0 + ((x ** 2.0d0) * (0.022222222222222223d0 + ((x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (Math.pow(x, 2.0) * (0.022222222222222223 + ((x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165))));
}
def code(x): return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (math.pow(x, 2.0) * (0.022222222222222223 + ((x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165))))
function code(x) return Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 + Float64((x ^ 2.0) * Float64(0.022222222222222223 + Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165))))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * (0.3333333333333333 + ((x ^ 2.0) * (0.022222222222222223 + ((x * x) * 0.0021164021164021165)))); end
code[x_] := N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 + N[(N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.022222222222222223 + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.0021164021164021165), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(0.022222222222222223 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.0021164021164021165\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
*-commutative99.4%
Simplified99.4%
unpow299.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x (+ 0.3333333333333333 (* 0.022222222222222223 (* x x)))))
double code(double x) {
return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * (0.3333333333333333d0 + (0.022222222222222223d0 * (x * x)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)));
}
def code(x): return x * (0.3333333333333333 + (0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)))
function code(x) return Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 + Float64(0.022222222222222223 * Float64(x * x)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * (0.3333333333333333 + (0.022222222222222223 * (x * x))); end
code[x_] := N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 + N[(0.022222222222222223 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + 0.022222222222222223 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.3%
unpow299.4%
Applied egg-rr99.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x 0.3333333333333333))
double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * 0.3333333333333333d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
def code(x): return x * 0.3333333333333333
function code(x) return Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * 0.3333333333333333; end
code[x_] := N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.3333333333333333
\end{array}
Initial program 6.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%
Final simplification98.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (* x x) 15.0))) (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (fabs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (abs(x) < 0.026d0) then
tmp = (x / 3.0d0) * (1.0d0 + ((x * x) / 15.0d0))
else
tmp = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (Math.abs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if math.fabs(x) < 0.026: tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)) else: tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = Float64(Float64(x / 3.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x * x) / 15.0))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)); else tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Less[N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision], 0.026], N[(N[(x / 3.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / 15.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\left|x\right| < 0.026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x}{3} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x \cdot x}{15}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024191
(FPCore (x)
:name "invcot (example 3.9)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (< -0.026 x) (< x 0.026))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (if (< (fabs x) 13/500) (* (/ x 3) (+ 1 (/ (* x x) 15))) (- (/ 1 x) (/ 1 (tan x)))))
(- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))