Beckmann Sample, normalization factor

Percentage Accurate: 97.8% → 98.5%

Time: 14.0s

Alternatives: 11

Speedup: 1.5×

Specification

\[\left(0 < cosTheta \land cosTheta < 0.9999\right) \land \left(-1 < c \land c < 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((1.0f + c) + (((1.0f / sqrtf(((float) M_PI))) * (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * expf((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) + Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / sqrt(Float32(pi))) * Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp(Float32(Float32(-cosTheta) * cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(1.0) + c) + (((single(1.0) / sqrt(single(pi))) * (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
end

Initial Program: 97.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   (+ 1.0 c)
   (*
    (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta))
    (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / ((1.0f + c) + (((1.0f / sqrtf(((float) M_PI))) * (sqrtf(((1.0f - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * expf((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) + Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) / sqrt(Float32(pi))) * Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp(Float32(Float32(-cosTheta) * cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(1.0) + c) + (((single(1.0) / sqrt(single(pi))) * (sqrt(((single(1.0) - cosTheta) - cosTheta)) / cosTheta)) * exp((-cosTheta * cosTheta))));
end

Alternative 1: 98.5% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   1.0
   (fma
    (/ (sqrt (+ 1.0 (* cosTheta -2.0))) (* cosTheta (sqrt PI)))
    (pow (exp (- cosTheta)) cosTheta)
    c))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + fmaf((sqrtf((1.0f + (cosTheta * -2.0f))) / (cosTheta * sqrtf(((float) M_PI)))), powf(expf(-cosTheta), cosTheta), c));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + fma(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(-2.0)))) / Float32(cosTheta * sqrt(Float32(pi)))), (exp(Float32(-cosTheta)) ^ cosTheta), c)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Final simplification 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 97.9% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{e^{cosTheta \cdot \left(-cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+
   1.0
   (+
    c
    (*
     (/ (exp (* cosTheta (- cosTheta))) cosTheta)
     (sqrt (/ (+ 1.0 (* cosTheta -2.0)) PI)))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + (c + ((expf((cosTheta * -cosTheta)) / cosTheta) * sqrtf(((1.0f + (cosTheta * -2.0f)) / ((float) M_PI))))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(c + Float32(Float32(exp(Float32(cosTheta * Float32(-cosTheta))) / cosTheta) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(-2.0))) / Float32(pi)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (c + ((exp((cosTheta * -cosTheta)) / cosTheta) * sqrt(((single(1.0) + (cosTheta * single(-2.0))) / single(pi))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

7. Applied egg-rr 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot cosTheta\right)}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

8. Final simplification 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{e^{cosTheta \cdot \left(-cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}}\right)} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.0% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 - \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{-1 + {cosTheta}^{2}}{cosTheta} - c\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (-
   1.0
   (-
    (*
     (sqrt (/ (+ 1.0 (* cosTheta -2.0)) PI))
     (/ (+ -1.0 (pow cosTheta 2.0)) cosTheta))
    c))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f - ((sqrtf(((1.0f + (cosTheta * -2.0f)) / ((float) M_PI))) * ((-1.0f + powf(cosTheta, 2.0f)) / cosTheta)) - c));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(-2.0))) / Float32(pi))) * Float32(Float32(Float32(-1.0) + (cosTheta ^ Float32(2.0))) / cosTheta)) - c)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) - ((sqrt(((single(1.0) + (cosTheta * single(-2.0))) / single(pi))) * ((single(-1.0) + (cosTheta ^ single(2.0))) / cosTheta)) - c));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{1 + -1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}{cosTheta}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. neg-mul-1 96.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{1 + \color{blue}{\left(-{cosTheta}^{2}\right)}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 96.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{1 - {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

8. Simplified 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{1 - {cosTheta}^{2}}{cosTheta}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

9. Final simplification 96.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 - \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{-1 + {cosTheta}^{2}}{cosTheta} - c\right)} \]
10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 95.9% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + c\right) - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  cosTheta
  (- (sqrt PI) (* (* cosTheta PI) (- (+ 1.0 c) (sqrt (/ 1.0 PI)))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * (sqrtf(((float) M_PI)) - ((cosTheta * ((float) M_PI)) * ((1.0f + c) - sqrtf((1.0f / ((float) M_PI))))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * Float32(sqrt(Float32(pi)) - Float32(Float32(cosTheta * Float32(pi)) * Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + c) - sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(pi)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * (sqrt(single(pi)) - ((cosTheta * single(pi)) * ((single(1.0) + c) - sqrt((single(1.0) / single(pi))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + \left(c + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + \color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + \left(c + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. unsub-neg 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} - cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + \left(c + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(c + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   4. associate-+r+ 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + c\right) + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right) \]

   5. mul-1-neg 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + c\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   6. unsub-neg 95.4%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + c\right) - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right) \]

7. Simplified 95.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + c\right) - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 95.7% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(-1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (* cosTheta (+ (sqrt PI) (* (* cosTheta PI) (+ -1.0 (sqrt (/ 1.0 PI)))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * (sqrtf(((float) M_PI)) + ((cosTheta * ((float) M_PI)) * (-1.0f + sqrtf((1.0f / ((float) M_PI))))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * Float32(sqrt(Float32(pi)) + Float32(Float32(cosTheta * Float32(pi)) * Float32(Float32(-1.0) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(pi)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * (sqrt(single(pi)) + ((cosTheta * single(pi)) * (single(-1.0) + sqrt((single(1.0) / single(pi))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.2%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 95.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 95.2%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + \color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. unsub-neg 95.2%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\pi} - cosTheta \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 95.2%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \color{blue}{\left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(1 + -1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right) \]

   4. mul-1-neg 95.2%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   5. unsub-neg 95.2%

      \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}\right) \]

6. Simplified 95.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} - \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(1 - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)} \]

7. Final simplification 95.2%

   \[\leadsto cosTheta \cdot \left(\sqrt{\pi} + \left(cosTheta \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(-1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 95.3% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+ 1.0 (+ c (* (sqrt (/ (+ 1.0 (* cosTheta -2.0)) PI)) (/ 1.0 cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + (c + (sqrtf(((1.0f + (cosTheta * -2.0f)) / ((float) M_PI))) * (1.0f / cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(c + Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(cosTheta * Float32(-2.0))) / Float32(pi))) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (c + (sqrt(((single(1.0) + (cosTheta * single(-2.0))) / single(pi))) * (single(1.0) / cosTheta))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 94.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{cosTheta}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)} \]

7. Final simplification 94.8%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \sqrt{\frac{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{1}{cosTheta}\right)} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 95.1% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{-1}{\frac{cosTheta}{{\pi}^{-0.5} \cdot \left(cosTheta + -1\right)}}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/
  1.0
  (+ 1.0 (+ c (/ -1.0 (/ cosTheta (* (pow PI -0.5) (+ cosTheta -1.0))))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + (c + (-1.0f / (cosTheta / (powf(((float) M_PI), -0.5f) * (cosTheta + -1.0f))))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(c + Float32(Float32(-1.0) / Float32(cosTheta / Float32((Float32(pi) ^ Float32(-0.5)) * Float32(cosTheta + Float32(-1.0))))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (c + (single(-1.0) / (cosTheta / ((single(pi) ^ single(-0.5)) * (cosTheta + single(-1.0)))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

   2. unsub-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

8. Simplified 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-un-lft-identity 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}\right)} + 1} \]

   3. fma-define 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. pow1/2 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{\pi}\right)}^{0.5}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   5. inv-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\color{blue}{\left({\pi}^{-1}\right)}}^{0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   6. pow-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\pi}^{\left(-1 \cdot 0.5\right)}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   7. metadata-eval 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   8. pow1/2 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{\pi}\right)}^{0.5}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   9. inv-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\color{blue}{\left({\pi}^{-1}\right)}}^{0.5}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   10. pow-pow 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{{\pi}^{\left(-1 \cdot 0.5\right)}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   11. metadata-eval 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)}} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. fma-undefine 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

    2. *-lft-identity 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)} + 1} \]

    3. cancel-sign-sub-inv 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\pi}^{-0.5} + \left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1} \]

    4. distribute-rgt1-in 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1} \]

12. Simplified 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]
13. Step-by-step derivation

    1. clear-num 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{cosTheta}{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}}\right) + 1} \]

    2. inv-pow 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{cosTheta}{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}\right)}^{-1}}\right) + 1} \]

    3. neg-mul-1 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + {\left(\frac{cosTheta}{\left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot cosTheta} + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}\right)}^{-1}\right) + 1} \]

    4. fma-define 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + {\left(\frac{cosTheta}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, cosTheta, 1\right)} \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}\right)}^{-1}\right) + 1} \]

14. Applied egg-rr 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{cosTheta}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, cosTheta, 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}\right)}^{-1}}\right) + 1} \]

16. Simplified 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{cosTheta}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}}\right) + 1} \]

17. Final simplification 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{-1}{\frac{cosTheta}{{\pi}^{-0.5} \cdot \left(cosTheta + -1\right)}}\right)} \]
18. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 95.2% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (+ c (* (- 1.0 cosTheta) (/ (pow PI -0.5) cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + (c + ((1.0f - cosTheta) * (powf(((float) M_PI), -0.5f) / cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(c + Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - cosTheta) * Float32((Float32(pi) ^ Float32(-0.5)) / cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (c + ((single(1.0) - cosTheta) * ((single(pi) ^ single(-0.5)) / cosTheta))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

   2. unsub-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

8. Simplified 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

   2. *-un-lft-identity 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}\right)} + 1} \]

   3. fma-define 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)}} \]

   4. pow1/2 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{\pi}\right)}^{0.5}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   5. inv-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\color{blue}{\left({\pi}^{-1}\right)}}^{0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   6. pow-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\pi}^{\left(-1 \cdot 0.5\right)}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   7. metadata-eval 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   8. pow1/2 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{\pi}\right)}^{0.5}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   9. inv-pow 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\color{blue}{\left({\pi}^{-1}\right)}}^{0.5}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   10. pow-pow 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot \color{blue}{{\pi}^{\left(-1 \cdot 0.5\right)}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

   11. metadata-eval 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)}} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. fma-undefine 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]

    2. *-lft-identity 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5} - cosTheta \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)} + 1} \]

    3. cancel-sign-sub-inv 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{{\pi}^{-0.5} + \left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1} \]

    4. distribute-rgt1-in 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1} \]

12. Simplified 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}} \]
13. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-un-lft-identity 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot {\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}}\right) + 1} \]

    2. associate-/l* 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + 1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(-cosTheta\right) + 1\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)}\right) + 1} \]

    3. neg-mul-1 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + 1 \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot cosTheta} + 1\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)\right) + 1} \]

    4. fma-define 94.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + 1 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, cosTheta, 1\right)} \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)\right) + 1} \]

14. Applied egg-rr 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, cosTheta, 1\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)}\right) + 1} \]

16. Simplified 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\left(c + \color{blue}{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}}\right) + 1} \]

17. Final simplification 94.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \left(1 - cosTheta\right) \cdot \frac{{\pi}^{-0.5}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]
18. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 95.0% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} \cdot \left(-1 + \frac{1}{cosTheta}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (* (sqrt (/ 1.0 PI)) (+ -1.0 (/ 1.0 cosTheta))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + (sqrtf((1.0f / ((float) M_PI))) * (-1.0f + (1.0f / cosTheta))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(pi))) * Float32(Float32(-1.0) + Float32(Float32(1.0) / cosTheta)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (sqrt((single(1.0) / single(pi))) * (single(-1.0) + (single(1.0) / cosTheta))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.9%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(c + \frac{e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + -2 \cdot cosTheta}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + -1 \cdot \left(cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \color{blue}{\left(-cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

   2. unsub-neg 94.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}}{cosTheta}\right)} \]

8. Simplified 94.7%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(c + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}{cosTheta}}\right)} \]

9. Taylor expanded in c around 0 94.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right) - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}} \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

    1. associate--l+ 94.3%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} - \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

    2. sub-neg 94.3%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \left(-\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)\right)}} \]

    3. mul-1-neg 94.3%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \left(\frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}}\right)} \]

    4. +-commutative 94.3%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} + \frac{1}{cosTheta} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}}\right)}} \]

    5. distribute-rgt-out 94.3%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} \cdot \left(-1 + \frac{1}{cosTheta}\right)}} \]

11. Simplified 94.3%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}} \cdot \left(-1 + \frac{1}{cosTheta}\right)}} \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 92.9% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 (* cosTheta (sqrt PI)))

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return cosTheta * sqrtf(((float) M_PI));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(cosTheta * sqrt(Float32(pi)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = cosTheta * sqrt(single(pi));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in c around 0 97.2%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1} + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. log1p-expm1-u 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{1 + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}}\right)\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + 1}}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-commutative 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right)} + 1}\right)\right) \]

   4. distribute-lft-neg-out 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{e^{\color{blue}{-cosTheta \cdot cosTheta}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}\right)\right) \]

   5. unpow2 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{e^{-\color{blue}{{cosTheta}^{2}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}\right)\right) \]

   6. mul-1-neg 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{e^{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) + 1}\right)\right) \]

   7. fma-define 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(e^{-1 \cdot {cosTheta}^{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, 1\right)}}\right)\right) \]

5. Applied egg-rr 98.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{fma}\left(e^{-{cosTheta}^{2}}, \frac{\sqrt{1 - \left(cosTheta + cosTheta\right)}}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}}, 1\right)}\right)\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in cosTheta around 0 92.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{cosTheta \cdot \sqrt{\pi}} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 10.8% accurate, 322.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta c) :precision binary32 1.0)

C

float code(float cosTheta, float c) {
	return 1.0f;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(costheta, c)
    real(4), intent (in) :: costheta
    real(4), intent (in) :: c
    code = 1.0e0
end function

Julia

function code(cosTheta, c)
	return Float32(1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta, c)
	tmp = single(1.0);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 97.7%

   \[\frac{1}{\left(1 + c\right) + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+l+ 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(c + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}\right)}} \]

   2. +-commutative 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}\right) \cdot e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta} + c\right)}} \]

   3. fma-define 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(1 - cosTheta\right) - cosTheta}}{cosTheta}, e^{\left(-cosTheta\right) \cdot cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]

3. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{1 + \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + cosTheta \cdot -2}}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot cosTheta}, {\left(e^{-cosTheta}\right)}^{cosTheta}, c\right)}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in c around inf 11.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{c}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in c around 0 11.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024172 
(FPCore (cosTheta c)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, normalization factor"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (< 0.0 cosTheta) (< cosTheta 0.9999)) (and (< -1.0 c) (< c 1.0)))
  (/ 1.0 (+ (+ 1.0 c) (* (* (/ 1.0 (sqrt PI)) (/ (sqrt (- (- 1.0 cosTheta) cosTheta)) cosTheta)) (exp (* (- cosTheta) cosTheta))))))