Rust f32::atanh

Percentage Accurate: 99.8% → 99.8%

Time: 6.6s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \tanh^{-1} x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (atanh x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return atanhf(x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return atanh(x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = atanh(x);
end

Initial Program: 99.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (* 0.5 (log1p (/ (* 2.0 x) (- 1.0 x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return 0.5f * log1pf(((2.0f * x) / (1.0f - x)));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(Float32(0.5) * log1p(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * x) / Float32(Float32(1.0) - x))))
end

Alternative 1: 99.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (* 0.5 (log1p (/ (* 2.0 x) (- 1.0 x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return 0.5f * log1pf(((2.0f * x) / (1.0f - x)));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(Float32(0.5) * log1p(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * x) / Float32(Float32(1.0) - x))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.2% accurate, 5.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x + \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.14285714285714285\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (+
  x
  (*
   (+ 0.3333333333333333 (* x (* x (+ 0.2 (* x (* x 0.14285714285714285))))))
   (* x (* x x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x + ((0.3333333333333333f + (x * (x * (0.2f + (x * (x * 0.14285714285714285f)))))) * (x * (x * x)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x + ((0.3333333333333333e0 + (x * (x * (0.2e0 + (x * (x * 0.14285714285714285e0)))))) * (x * (x * x)))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x + Float32(Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) + Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(Float32(0.2) + Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(0.14285714285714285))))))) * Float32(x * Float32(x * x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x + ((single(0.3333333333333333) + (x * (x * (single(0.2) + (x * (x * single(0.14285714285714285))))))) * (x * (x * x)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   12. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \left({x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{7}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\frac{1}{7}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. *-lowering-*.f32 99.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.14285714285714285\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right) + \color{blue}{1}\right) \]

   2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{1 \cdot x} \]

   3. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot x + x \]

   4. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\left(\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x}\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.14285714285714285\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + x} \]

8. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto x + \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.14285714285714285\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.1% accurate, 5.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + 0.14285714285714285 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  x
  (+
   1.0
   (*
    (* x x)
    (+
     0.3333333333333333
     (* x (* x (+ 0.2 (* 0.14285714285714285 (* x x))))))))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x * (1.0f + ((x * x) * (0.3333333333333333f + (x * (x * (0.2f + (0.14285714285714285f * (x * x))))))));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x * (1.0e0 + ((x * x) * (0.3333333333333333e0 + (x * (x * (0.2e0 + (0.14285714285714285e0 * (x * x))))))))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(x * x) * Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) + Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(Float32(0.2) + Float32(Float32(0.14285714285714285) * Float32(x * x)))))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x * (single(1.0) + ((x * x) * (single(0.3333333333333333) + (x * (x * (single(0.2) + (single(0.14285714285714285) * (x * x))))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   12. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{7} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \left({x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{7}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\frac{1}{7}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. *-lowering-*.f32 99.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{5}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \frac{1}{7}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.14285714285714285\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

6. Final simplification 99.0%

   \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.2 + 0.14285714285714285 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.9% accurate, 7.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.2\right)\right)\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (+ x (* x (* x (* x (+ 0.3333333333333333 (* x (* x 0.2))))))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x + (x * (x * (x * (0.3333333333333333f + (x * (x * 0.2f))))));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x + (x * (x * (x * (0.3333333333333333e0 + (x * (x * 0.2e0))))))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x + Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) + Float32(x * Float32(x * Float32(0.2))))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x + (x * (x * (x * (single(0.3333333333333333) + (x * (x * single(0.2)))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left({x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f32 98.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.2\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right) + \color{blue}{1}\right) \]

   2. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{1 \cdot x} \]

   3. *-lft-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right) \cdot x + x \]

   4. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\left(\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right) \cdot x\right), \color{blue}{x}\right) \]

   5. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   6. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   7. associate-*l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   8. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{3} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   10. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   11. associate-*l* N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   12. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   13. *-lowering-*.f32 98.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 98.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.2\right)\right)\right)\right) + x} \]

8. Final simplification 98.7%

   \[\leadsto x + x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.2\right)\right)\right)\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.9% accurate, 7.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + 0.2 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (* x (+ 1.0 (* (* x x) (+ 0.3333333333333333 (* 0.2 (* x x)))))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x * (1.0f + ((x * x) * (0.3333333333333333f + (0.2f * (x * x)))));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x * (1.0e0 + ((x * x) * (0.3333333333333333e0 + (0.2e0 * (x * x)))))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(x * x) * Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) + Float32(Float32(0.2) * Float32(x * x))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x * (single(1.0) + ((x * x) * (single(0.3333333333333333) + (single(0.2) * (x * x)))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \left(\color{blue}{\frac{1}{3}} + \frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{5} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left({x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left({x}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\frac{1}{5}}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot x\right), \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. *-lowering-*.f32 98.6%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right), \frac{1}{5}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.2\right)\right)} \]

6. Final simplification 98.6%

   \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 + 0.2 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.4% accurate, 12.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x + x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (+ x (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x + (x * (0.3333333333333333f * (x * x)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x + (x * (0.3333333333333333e0 * (x * x)))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x + Float32(x * Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) * Float32(x * x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x + (x * (single(0.3333333333333333) * (x * x)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 98.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \color{blue}{1}\right) \]

   2. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + \color{blue}{x \cdot 1} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity N/A

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + x \]

   4. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\left(x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right), \color{blue}{x}\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   6. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f32 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f32}\left(\mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, x\right)\right)\right), x\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 98.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + x} \]

8. Final simplification 98.0%

   \[\leadsto x + x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 98.3% accurate, 12.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \cdot \left(1 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (* x (+ 1.0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	return x * (1.0f + (0.3333333333333333f * (x * x)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x * (1.0e0 + (0.3333333333333333e0 * (x * x)))
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float32(x * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(0.3333333333333333) * Float32(x * x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x * (single(1.0) + (single(0.3333333333333333) * (x * x)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{\left(1 + \frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

   2. +-lowering-+.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f32 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. unpow2 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \left(x \cdot \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f32 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \mathsf{+.f32}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(\frac{1}{3}, \mathsf{*.f32}\left(x, \color{blue}{x}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 98.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 96.8% accurate, 109.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 x)

C

float code(float x) {
	return x;
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(x)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    code = x
end function

Julia

function code(x)
	return x
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x;
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.7%

   \[0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{2 \cdot x}{1 - x}\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

5. Simplified 96.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024155 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Rust f32::atanh"
  :precision binary32
  (* 0.5 (log1p (/ (* 2.0 x) (- 1.0 x)))))