Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle

Percentage Accurate: 60.1% → 99.9%

Time: 18.5s

Alternatives: 11

Speedup: 3.0×

• 31.7% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Initial Program: 60.1% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\\ R \cdot \sqrt{t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))))
   (* R (sqrt (+ (* t_0 t_0) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2)))))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0d0))
    code = r * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	return R * Math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))
	return R * math.sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))))

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))
	return Float64(R * sqrt(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + Float64(Float64(phi1 - phi2) * Float64(phi1 - phi2)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	t_0 = (lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0));
	tmp = R * sqrt(((t_0 * t_0) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2))));
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi1 + phi2), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Alternative 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0 - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  R
  (hypot
   (*
    (fma
     (- 0.0 (sin (* 0.5 phi2)))
     (sin (* 0.5 phi1))
     (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (cos (* 0.5 phi2))))
    (- lambda1 lambda2))
   (- phi1 phi2))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * hypot((fma((0.0 - sin((0.5 * phi2))), sin((0.5 * phi1)), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * cos((0.5 * phi2)))) * (lambda1 - lambda2)), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * hypot(Float64(fma(Float64(0.0 - sin(Float64(0.5 * phi2))), sin(Float64(0.5 * phi1)), Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2)))) * Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)), Float64(phi1 - phi2)))
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(0.0 - N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   2. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. un-div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}{\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. flip-- N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   12. --lowering--.f64 97.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

6. Applied egg-rr 97.3%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}{\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}}}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{\frac{2}{\phi_1 + \phi_2}}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-/r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. associate-/r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{\frac{2}{\phi_2}}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. cos-sum N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) - \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. prod-diff N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

8. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), -\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right)}}{\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

9. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)}, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

11. Simplified 99.9%

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

    1. sub-neg N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    2. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    3. *-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    4. distribute-lft-neg-in N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    5. fma-define N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    6. fma-lowering-fma.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    7. neg-sub0 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\left(0 - \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    8. --lowering--.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    9. sin-lowering-sin.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    11. sin-lowering-sin.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    13. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    14. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    16. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

    17. *-lowering-*.f64 99.9%

        \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{fma.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{sin.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

13. Applied egg-rr 99.9%

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0 - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.9% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  R
  (hypot
   (*
    (- lambda1 lambda2)
    (-
     (* (cos (* 0.5 phi1)) (cos (* 0.5 phi2)))
     (* (sin (* 0.5 phi2)) (sin (* 0.5 phi1)))))
   (- phi1 phi2))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * ((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * cos((0.5 * phi2))) - (sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1))))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * ((Math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * Math.cos((0.5 * phi2))) - (Math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * Math.sin((0.5 * phi1))))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * ((math.cos((0.5 * phi1)) * math.cos((0.5 * phi2))) - (math.sin((0.5 * phi2)) * math.sin((0.5 * phi1))))), (phi1 - phi2))

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * phi1)) * cos(Float64(0.5 * phi2))) - Float64(sin(Float64(0.5 * phi2)) * sin(Float64(0.5 * phi1))))), Float64(phi1 - phi2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * ((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * cos((0.5 * phi2))) - (sin((0.5 * phi2)) * sin((0.5 * phi1))))), (phi1 - phi2));
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi2), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * phi1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   2. flip-- N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. un-div-inv N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}{\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}}\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{1}{\frac{\lambda_1 \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \lambda_2}{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. flip-- N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \left(\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   11. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   12. --lowering--.f64 97.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

6. Applied egg-rr 97.3%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{\cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)}{\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}}}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{\frac{2}{\phi_1 + \phi_2}}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   2. associate-/r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   4. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. associate-/r/ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{1}{\frac{2}{\phi_2}}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. clear-num N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1 + \frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. cos-sum N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) - \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. prod-diff N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{/.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

8. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), -\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right), \sin \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)\right)}}{\frac{1}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

9. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right)}, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(-1 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) + \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right), \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

11. Simplified 99.9%

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

12. Final simplification 99.9%

    \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 92.7% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 10^{-80}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= phi2 1e-80)
   (* R (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ phi1 2.0))) (- phi1 phi2)))
   (* R (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ phi2 2.0))) (- phi1 phi2)))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 1e-80) {
		tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	} else {
		tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi2 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 1e-80) {
		tmp = R * Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	} else {
		tmp = R * Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos((phi2 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if phi2 <= 1e-80:
		tmp = R * math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2))
	else:
		tmp = R * math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos((phi2 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (phi2 <= 1e-80)
		tmp = Float64(R * hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(phi1 / 2.0))), Float64(phi1 - phi2)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(R * hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(phi2 / 2.0))), Float64(phi1 - phi2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (phi2 <= 1e-80)
		tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	else
		tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi2 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 1e-80], N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(phi1 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(phi2 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if phi2 < 9.99999999999999961e-81

   1. Initial program 59.7%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 98.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Simplified 94.2%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_1}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

   if 9.99999999999999961e-81 < phi2

   1. Initial program 53.3%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 95.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_2}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Simplified 95.3%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_2}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 95.9% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  R
  (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi2 phi1) 2.0))) (- phi1 phi2))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2))

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(Float64(phi2 + phi1) / 2.0))), Float64(phi1 - phi2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi2 + phi1) / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(phi2 + phi1), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Final simplification 97.4%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_2 + \phi_1}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 90.7% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (* R (hypot (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ phi1 2.0))) (- phi1 phi2))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * Math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * Math.cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * math.hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * math.cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2))

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * hypot(Float64(Float64(lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(Float64(phi1 / 2.0))), Float64(phi1 - phi2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * hypot(((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos((phi1 / 2.0))), (phi1 - phi2));
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[Sqrt[N[(N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(phi1 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2 + N[(phi1 - phi2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Simplified 92.7%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_1}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 69.9% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 1.5 \cdot 10^{-17}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\phi_2 \leq 2.4 \cdot 10^{+109}:\\ \;\;\;\;\phi_1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + -1\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_2, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= phi2 1.5e-17)
   (* R (hypot phi1 (- lambda1 lambda2)))
   (if (<= phi2 2.4e+109)
     (* phi1 (* R (+ (/ phi2 phi1) -1.0)))
     (* R (hypot phi2 (- lambda1 lambda2))))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 1.5e-17) {
		tmp = R * hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	} else if (phi2 <= 2.4e+109) {
		tmp = phi1 * (R * ((phi2 / phi1) + -1.0));
	} else {
		tmp = R * hypot(phi2, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 1.5e-17) {
		tmp = R * Math.hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	} else if (phi2 <= 2.4e+109) {
		tmp = phi1 * (R * ((phi2 / phi1) + -1.0));
	} else {
		tmp = R * Math.hypot(phi2, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if phi2 <= 1.5e-17:
		tmp = R * math.hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2))
	elif phi2 <= 2.4e+109:
		tmp = phi1 * (R * ((phi2 / phi1) + -1.0))
	else:
		tmp = R * math.hypot(phi2, (lambda1 - lambda2))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (phi2 <= 1.5e-17)
		tmp = Float64(R * hypot(phi1, Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)));
	elseif (phi2 <= 2.4e+109)
		tmp = Float64(phi1 * Float64(R * Float64(Float64(phi2 / phi1) + -1.0)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(R * hypot(phi2, Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (phi2 <= 1.5e-17)
		tmp = R * hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	elseif (phi2 <= 2.4e+109)
		tmp = phi1 * (R * ((phi2 / phi1) + -1.0));
	else
		tmp = R * hypot(phi2, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 1.5e-17], N[(R * N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[phi2, 2.4e+109], N[(phi1 * N[(R * N[(N[(phi2 / phi1), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[Sqrt[phi2 ^ 2 + N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if phi2 < 1.50000000000000003e-17

   1. Initial program 58.7%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 98.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_2}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Simplified 91.5%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_2}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{{\phi_1}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\phi_1}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1 + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1 + \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. --lowering--.f64 75.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \color{blue}{\lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 75.8%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)} \]

   if 1.50000000000000003e-17 < phi2 < 2.39999999999999987e109

   1. Initial program 57.0%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 88.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 88.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

      2. neg-sub0 N/A

         \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R - \color{blue}{\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. /-lowering-/.f64 47.6%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 47.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - \phi_1 \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. cancel-sign-sub-inv N/A

         \[\leadsto 0 + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

      2. +-lft-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

      3. flip-- N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \frac{R \cdot R - \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}{\color{blue}{R + R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}} \]

      4. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(R \cdot R - \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{R + R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}} \]

      5. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(R \cdot R - \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right) \cdot \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(R + R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]

   9. Applied egg-rr 34.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(0 - \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\left(\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right) \cdot R\right) \cdot \left(R - \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right) \cdot R}} \]

   10. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left({R}^{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)}, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right), R\right)\right) \]
   11. Step-by-step derivation

       1. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\mathsf{neg}\left({R}^{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right)}, R\right)\right) \]

       2. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(0 - {R}^{2} \cdot \phi_1\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right)}, R\right)\right) \]

       3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \left({R}^{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right)}, R\right)\right) \]

       4. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \left(\phi_1 \cdot {R}^{2}\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), \color{blue}{1}\right), R\right)\right) \]

       5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left({R}^{2}\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), \color{blue}{1}\right), R\right)\right) \]

       6. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R \cdot R\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right), R\right)\right) \]

       7. *-lowering-*.f64 16.0%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, R\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), 1\right), R\right)\right) \]

   12. Simplified 16.0%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{0 - \phi_1 \cdot \left(R \cdot R\right)}}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + 1\right) \cdot R} \]

   13. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(-1 \cdot R + \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]
   14. Step-by-step derivation

       1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot R + \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right) \]

       2. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{-1 \cdot R}\right)\right) \]

       3. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot R\right)\right) \]

       4. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + R \cdot \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) \]

       5. distribute-lft-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + -1\right)}\right)\right) \]

       6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + -1\right)}\right)\right) \]

       7. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right), \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right)\right) \]

       8. /-lowering-/.f64 47.6%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \phi_1\right), -1\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. Simplified 47.6%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1} + -1\right)\right)} \]

   if 2.39999999999999987e109 < phi2

   1. Initial program 55.0%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 97.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_1}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Simplified 93.3%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_1}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{{\phi_2}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\phi_2}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_2 \cdot \phi_2 + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_2 \cdot \phi_2 + \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. --lowering--.f64 93.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_2, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \color{blue}{\lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 93.2%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_2, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 70.9% accurate, 3.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\phi_2 \leq 4.8 \cdot 10^{+48}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= phi2 4.8e+48)
   (* R (hypot phi1 (- lambda1 lambda2)))
   (* R (- phi2 phi1))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 4.8e+48) {
		tmp = R * hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	} else {
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (phi2 <= 4.8e+48) {
		tmp = R * Math.hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	} else {
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if phi2 <= 4.8e+48:
		tmp = R * math.hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2))
	else:
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (phi2 <= 4.8e+48)
		tmp = Float64(R * hypot(phi1, Float64(lambda1 - lambda2)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 - phi1));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (phi2 <= 4.8e+48)
		tmp = R * hypot(phi1, (lambda1 - lambda2));
	else
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[phi2, 4.8e+48], N[(R * N[Sqrt[phi1 ^ 2 + N[(lambda1 - lambda2), $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if phi2 < 4.8000000000000002e48

   1. Initial program 57.6%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 98.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_2}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

   7. Simplified 91.6%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_2}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \sqrt{{\phi_1}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{\phi_1}^{2} + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      2. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1 + {\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\sqrt{\phi_1 \cdot \phi_1 + \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\lambda_1 - \lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. --lowering--.f64 75.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \color{blue}{\lambda_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 75.1%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\phi_1, \lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)} \]

   if 4.8000000000000002e48 < phi2

   1. Initial program 60.0%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 94.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 94.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

      2. neg-sub0 N/A

         \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R - \color{blue}{\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. /-lowering-/.f64 68.5%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 68.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - \phi_1 \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2 - R \cdot \phi_1} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-out-- N/A

         \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]

      2. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)}\right) \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 75.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 75.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 34.4% accurate, 32.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\lambda_1 \leq -3.1 \cdot 10^{+140}:\\ \;\;\;\;0 - R \cdot \lambda_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= lambda1 -3.1e+140) (- 0.0 (* R lambda1)) (* R (- phi2 phi1))))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (lambda1 <= -3.1e+140) {
		tmp = 0.0 - (R * lambda1);
	} else {
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (lambda1 <= (-3.1d+140)) then
        tmp = 0.0d0 - (r * lambda1)
    else
        tmp = r * (phi2 - phi1)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	double tmp;
	if (lambda1 <= -3.1e+140) {
		tmp = 0.0 - (R * lambda1);
	} else {
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	tmp = 0
	if lambda1 <= -3.1e+140:
		tmp = 0.0 - (R * lambda1)
	else:
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (lambda1 <= -3.1e+140)
		tmp = Float64(0.0 - Float64(R * lambda1));
	else
		tmp = Float64(R * Float64(phi2 - phi1));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (lambda1 <= -3.1e+140)
		tmp = 0.0 - (R * lambda1);
	else
		tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := If[LessEqual[lambda1, -3.1e+140], N[(0.0 - N[(R * lambda1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(R * N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if lambda1 < -3.1e140

   1. Initial program 50.0%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 91.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 91.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around -inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-neg-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{-1} \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \left(-1 \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. neg-lowering-neg.f64 44.2%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{neg.f64}\left(\lambda_1\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 44.2%

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\lambda_1\right)\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. neg-sub0 N/A

         \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right), \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 56.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 56.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \]

   11. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right)} \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

       1. mul-1-neg N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \]

       2. neg-sub0 N/A

          \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{R \cdot \lambda_1} \]

       3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right)}\right) \]

       4. *-lowering-*.f64 63.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right)\right) \]

   13. Simplified 63.8%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - R \cdot \lambda_1} \]

   if -3.1e140 < lambda1

   1. Initial program 59.4%

      \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

      2. hypot-define N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. --lowering--.f64 98.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

      2. neg-sub0 N/A

         \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]

      4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      5. mul-1-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. unsub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R - \color{blue}{\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. --lowering--.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. associate-/l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. /-lowering-/.f64 28.6%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - \phi_1 \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2 - R \cdot \phi_1} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-out-- N/A

         \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]

      2. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)}\right) \]

      3. --lowering--.f64 29.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 29.6%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 29.3% accurate, 65.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R (- phi2 phi1)))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * (phi2 - phi1);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    code = r * (phi2 - phi1)
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * (phi2 - phi1);
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * (phi2 - phi1)

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * Float64(phi2 - phi1))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * (phi2 - phi1);
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * N[(phi2 - phi1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around -inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{neg}\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

   2. neg-sub0 N/A

      \[\leadsto 0 - \color{blue}{\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

   3. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 \cdot \left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)}\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\left(R + -1 \cdot \frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right) \]

   5. mul-1-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. unsub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \left(R - \color{blue}{\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{R \cdot \phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. associate-/l* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \left(R \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. /-lowering-/.f64 28.3%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(0, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\phi_1, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{/.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

7. Simplified 28.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 - \phi_1 \cdot \left(R - R \cdot \frac{\phi_2}{\phi_1}\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2 - R \cdot \phi_1} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. distribute-lft-out-- N/A

      \[\leadsto R \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]

   2. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)}\right) \]

   3. --lowering--.f64 29.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_2, \color{blue}{\phi_1}\right)\right) \]

10. Simplified 29.1%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\phi_2 - \phi_1\right)} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 17.6% accurate, 109.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \phi_2 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R phi2))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * phi2;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    code = r * phi2
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * phi2;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * phi2

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * phi2)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * phi2;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * phi2), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in phi2 around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 17.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right) \]

7. Simplified 17.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \phi_2} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 14.0% accurate, 109.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ R \cdot \lambda_1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2) :precision binary64 (* R lambda1))

C

double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * lambda1;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(r, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
    real(8), intent (in) :: r
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda1
    real(8), intent (in) :: lambda2
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi1
    real(8), intent (in) :: phi2
    code = r * lambda1
end function

Java

public static double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return R * lambda1;
}

Python

def code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2):
	return R * lambda1

Julia

function code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	return Float64(R * lambda1)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(R, lambda1, lambda2, phi1, phi2)
	tmp = R * lambda1;
end

Wolfram

code[R_, lambda1_, lambda2_, phi1_, phi2_] := N[(R * lambda1), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 58.0%

   \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)}\right) \]

   2. hypot-define N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \color{blue}{\phi_1 - \phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

   3. hypot-lowering-hypot.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{\phi_1} - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. --lowering--.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. /-lowering-/.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\left(\phi_1 + \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. --lowering--.f64 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right), 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \color{blue}{\phi_2}\right)\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 97.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in phi1 around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \mathsf{hypot.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\lambda_1, \lambda_2\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{/.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\phi_2}, 2\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\phi_1, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

7. Simplified 92.2%

   \[\leadsto R \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\phi_2}}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \]

8. Taylor expanded in lambda1 around inf

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \left(\lambda_1 \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)} \]

   2. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right), \color{blue}{\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)}\right) \]

   3. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \cos \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)}\right) \]

   4. cos-lowering-cos.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. *-lowering-*.f64 15.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \lambda_1\right), \mathsf{cos.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\frac{1}{2}, \phi_2\right)\right)\right) \]

10. Simplified 15.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(R \cdot \lambda_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)} \]

11. Taylor expanded in phi2 around 0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \lambda_1} \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-lowering-*.f64 14.1%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(R, \color{blue}{\lambda_1}\right) \]

13. Simplified 14.1%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{R \cdot \lambda_1} \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024145 
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
  :name "Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle"
  :precision binary64
  (* R (sqrt (+ (* (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0))) (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2.0)))) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2))))))