Logistic function

Percentage Accurate: 99.8% → 99.9%
Time: 13.2s
Alternatives: 14
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[0 \leq s \land s \leq 1.0651631\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s) :precision binary32 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (exp (/ (- x) s)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + expf((-x / s)));
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    code = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + exp((-x / s)))
end function
function code(x, s)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + exp(Float32(Float32(-x) / s))))
end
function tmp = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + exp((-x / s)));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary32 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 14 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 99.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s) :precision binary32 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (exp (/ (- x) s)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + expf((-x / s)));
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    code = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + exp((-x / s)))
end function
function code(x, s)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + exp(Float32(Float32(-x) / s))))
end
function tmp = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + exp((-x / s)));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.9% accurate, 0.4× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ e^{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{-\frac{x}{s}}\right)} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s) :precision binary32 (exp (- (log1p (exp (- (/ x s)))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	return expf(-log1pf(expf(-(x / s))));
}
function code(x, s)
	return exp(Float32(-log1p(exp(Float32(-Float32(x / s))))))
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
e^{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{-\frac{x}{s}}\right)}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.7%

    \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. div-inv99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{s}}}} \]
    2. exp-prod83.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-x}\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)}}} \]
    3. neg-mul-183.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot x}}\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)}} \]
    4. exp-prod83.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{x}\right)}}^{\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)}} \]
    5. pow-pow99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{s}\right)}}} \]
    6. div-inv99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}}} \]
  4. Applied egg-rr99.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}}} \]
  5. Applied egg-rr99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{\frac{x}{-s}}\right)}} \]
  6. Final simplification99.8%

    \[\leadsto e^{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(e^{-\frac{x}{s}}\right)} \]
  7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.8% accurate, 0.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x \cdot 0.5}{s}\right)}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (pow (exp -2.0) (/ (* x 0.5) s)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + powf(expf(-2.0f), ((x * 0.5f) / s)));
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    code = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (exp((-2.0e0)) ** ((x * 0.5e0) / s)))
end function
function code(x, s)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + (exp(Float32(-2.0)) ^ Float32(Float32(x * Float32(0.5)) / s))))
end
function tmp = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (exp(single(-2.0)) ^ ((x * single(0.5)) / s)));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x \cdot 0.5}{s}\right)}}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.7%

    \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Step-by-step derivation
    1. distribute-frac-neg99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    2. exp-neg99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
  4. Applied egg-rr99.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. inv-pow99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{\frac{x}{s}}\right)}^{-1}}} \]
    2. pow-exp99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{e^{\frac{x}{s} \cdot -1}}} \]
    3. *-commutative99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    4. pow-exp99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}}} \]
    5. sqr-pow99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{x}{s}}{2}\right)} \cdot {\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{x}{s}}{2}\right)}}} \]
    6. pow-prod-down99.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-1} \cdot e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{x}{s}}{2}\right)}}} \]
    7. prod-exp99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 + -1}\right)}}^{\left(\frac{\frac{x}{s}}{2}\right)}} \]
    8. metadata-eval99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{\color{blue}{-2}}\right)}^{\left(\frac{\frac{x}{s}}{2}\right)}} \]
    9. div-inv99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{s} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}}} \]
    10. metadata-eval99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s} \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}\right)}} \]
  6. Applied egg-rr99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s} \cdot 0.5\right)}}} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutative99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{x}{s}\right)}}} \]
    2. associate-*r/99.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5 \cdot x}{s}\right)}}} \]
  8. Simplified99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{{\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{0.5 \cdot x}{s}\right)}}} \]
  9. Final simplification99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + {\left(e^{-2}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x \cdot 0.5}{s}\right)}} \]
  10. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{1 + e^{-\frac{x}{s}}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s) :precision binary32 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (exp (- (/ x s))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	return 1.0f / (1.0f + expf(-(x / s)));
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    code = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + exp(-(x / s)))
end function
function code(x, s)
	return Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + exp(Float32(-Float32(x / s)))))
end
function tmp = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + exp(-(x / s)));
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{1}{1 + e^{-\frac{x}{s}}}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.7%

    \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Final simplification99.7%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{-\frac{x}{s}}} \]
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 79.8% accurate, 4.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - x \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -4.000000060189865e+30)
   (/ 1.0 (/ x s))
   (if (<= x -5.00000011871114e-34)
     (/ 1.0 (/ (- 4.0 (* x (/ (/ x s) s))) (+ (/ x s) 2.0)))
     (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ x s))))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -4.000000060189865e+30f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (x / s);
	} else if (x <= -5.00000011871114e-34f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / ((4.0f - (x * ((x / s) / s))) / ((x / s) + 2.0f));
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (1.0f / (1.0f + (x / s))));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-4.000000060189865e+30)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (x / s)
    else if (x <= (-5.00000011871114e-34)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / ((4.0e0 - (x * ((x / s) / s))) / ((x / s) + 2.0e0))
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (x / s))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-4.000000060189865e+30))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(x / s));
	elseif (x <= Float32(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(x * Float32(Float32(x / s) / s))) / Float32(Float32(x / s) + Float32(2.0))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x / s)))));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-4.000000060189865e+30))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (x / s);
	elseif (x <= single(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(4.0) - (x * ((x / s) / s))) / ((x / s) + single(2.0)));
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (x / s))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - x \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -4.00000006e30

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-1100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 85.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/85.6%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-185.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified85.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. clear-num100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
      7. inv-pow100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow-1100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
    12. Simplified100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -4.00000006e30 < x < -5.00000012e-34

    1. Initial program 99.4%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 37.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-137.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified37.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-un-lft-identity37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 - \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + \left(-1\right) \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
      3. metadata-eval37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \frac{x}{s}} \]
      4. add-log-exp93.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}} \]
      5. pow-exp93.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      6. flip-+17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right) \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}}} \]
      7. metadata-eval17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{4} - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right) \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      8. pow-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      9. add-log-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      10. neg-mul-117.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      11. pow-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      12. add-log-exp18.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      13. neg-mul-118.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      14. distribute-neg-frac218.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{x}{-s}} \cdot \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      15. distribute-neg-frac218.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{-s}}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      16. pow-exp18.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \frac{x}{-s}}{2 - \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}}} \]
    7. Applied egg-rr57.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \frac{x}{-s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}}} \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg257.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      2. distribute-frac-neg57.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-x}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      3. associate-*r/57.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{x}{-s} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      4. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\frac{x}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      5. sqrt-unprod61.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\frac{x}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      6. sqr-neg61.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\frac{x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      7. sqrt-unprod56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\frac{x}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      8. add-sqr-sqrt56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\frac{x}{\color{blue}{s}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      9. clear-num56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{s}{x}}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      10. clear-num56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s}} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
    9. Applied egg-rr56.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{x}{s} \cdot \left(-x\right)}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
    10. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-commutative56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \frac{x}{s}}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      2. *-un-lft-identity56.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\left(-x\right) \cdot \frac{x}{s}}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      3. times-frac62.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{-x}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      4. add-sqr-sqrt62.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-x} \cdot \sqrt{-x}}}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      5. sqrt-unprod61.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      6. sqr-neg61.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot x}}}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      7. sqrt-unprod-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      8. add-sqr-sqrt63.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{x}}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
    11. Applied egg-rr63.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{x}{1} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]

    if -5.00000012e-34 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative96.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification83.8%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - x \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{s}}{s}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 78.4% accurate, 4.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{s \cdot \frac{s}{x}}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -4.000000060189865e+30)
   (/ 1.0 (/ x s))
   (if (<= x -5.00000011871114e-34)
     (/ 1.0 (/ (- 4.0 (/ x (* s (/ s x)))) (+ (/ x s) 2.0)))
     (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ x s))))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -4.000000060189865e+30f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (x / s);
	} else if (x <= -5.00000011871114e-34f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / ((4.0f - (x / (s * (s / x)))) / ((x / s) + 2.0f));
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (1.0f / (1.0f + (x / s))));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-4.000000060189865e+30)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (x / s)
    else if (x <= (-5.00000011871114e-34)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / ((4.0e0 - (x / (s * (s / x)))) / ((x / s) + 2.0e0))
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (x / s))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-4.000000060189865e+30))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(x / s));
	elseif (x <= Float32(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(4.0) - Float32(x / Float32(s * Float32(s / x)))) / Float32(Float32(x / s) + Float32(2.0))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x / s)))));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-4.000000060189865e+30))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (x / s);
	elseif (x <= single(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = single(1.0) / ((single(4.0) - (x / (s * (s / x)))) / ((x / s) + single(2.0)));
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (x / s))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{s \cdot \frac{s}{x}}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -4.00000006e30

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-1100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 85.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/85.6%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-185.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified85.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt85.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. clear-num100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
      7. inv-pow100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow-1100.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
    12. Simplified100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -4.00000006e30 < x < -5.00000012e-34

    1. Initial program 99.4%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 37.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-137.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified37.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-un-lft-identity37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 - \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + \left(-1\right) \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
      3. metadata-eval37.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{-1} \cdot \frac{x}{s}} \]
      4. add-log-exp93.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}} \]
      5. pow-exp93.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      6. flip-+17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot 2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right) \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}}} \]
      7. metadata-eval17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{4} - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right) \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      8. pow-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      9. add-log-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      10. neg-mul-117.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)} \cdot \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      11. pow-exp17.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      12. add-log-exp18.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      13. neg-mul-118.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      14. distribute-neg-frac218.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{x}{-s}} \cdot \left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      15. distribute-neg-frac218.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{-s}}}{2 - \log \left({\left(e^{-1}\right)}^{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}\right)}} \]
      16. pow-exp18.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \frac{x}{-s}}{2 - \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{-1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}\right)}}} \]
    7. Applied egg-rr57.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{-s} \cdot \frac{x}{-s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}}} \]
    8. Step-by-step derivation
      1. clear-num57.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{-s}{x}}} \cdot \frac{x}{-s}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      2. frac-times60.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot x}{\frac{-s}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      3. *-un-lft-identity60.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{\color{blue}{x}}{\frac{-s}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      4. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      5. sqrt-unprod61.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      6. sqr-neg61.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      7. sqrt-unprod59.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      8. add-sqr-sqrt59.5%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \cdot \left(-s\right)}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      9. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}\right)}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      10. sqrt-unprod61.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      11. sqr-neg61.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      12. sqrt-unprod60.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}\right)}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
      13. add-sqr-sqrt60.3%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]
    9. Applied egg-rr60.3%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{4 - \color{blue}{\frac{x}{\frac{s}{x} \cdot s}}}{2 - \frac{x}{-s}}} \]

    if -5.00000012e-34 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative96.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification82.7%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.000000060189865 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{4 - \frac{x}{s \cdot \frac{s}{x}}}{\frac{x}{s} + 2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 71.4% accurate, 6.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.0020000000949949026)
   (/ 1.0 (/ x s))
   (if (<= x 3.99999987306209e-19)
     (+ 0.5 (/ (* x 0.25) s))
     (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ s x))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.0020000000949949026f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (x / s);
	} else if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19f) {
		tmp = 0.5f + ((x * 0.25f) / s);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (s / x));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-0.0020000000949949026e0)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (x / s)
    else if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19) then
        tmp = 0.5e0 + ((x * 0.25e0) / s)
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (s / x))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(x / s));
	elseif (x <= Float32(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(0.5) + Float32(Float32(x * Float32(0.25)) / s));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(s / x)));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (x / s);
	elseif (x <= single(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = single(0.5) + ((x * single(0.25)) / s);
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (s / x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00200000009

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg46.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-140.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. clear-num46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
      7. inv-pow46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
    12. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -0.00200000009 < x < 3.99999987e-19

    1. Initial program 99.2%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 58.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{s}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/58.8%

        \[\leadsto 0.5 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.25 \cdot x}{s}} \]
    5. Simplified58.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 + \frac{0.25 \cdot x}{s}} \]

    if 3.99999987e-19 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 90.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification68.6%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 70.1% accurate, 6.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.0020000000949949026)
   (/ 1.0 (/ x s))
   (if (<= x 2.000000026702864e-10) (+ 0.5 (/ (* x 0.25) s)) (- 1.0 (/ s x)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.0020000000949949026f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (x / s);
	} else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10f) {
		tmp = 0.5f + ((x * 0.25f) / s);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f - (s / x);
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-0.0020000000949949026e0)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (x / s)
    else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10) then
        tmp = 0.5e0 + ((x * 0.25e0) / s)
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 - (s / x)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(x / s));
	elseif (x <= Float32(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(0.5) + Float32(Float32(x * Float32(0.25)) / s));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(s / x));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (x / s);
	elseif (x <= single(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = single(0.5) + ((x * single(0.25)) / s);
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) - (s / x);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00200000009

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg46.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-140.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. clear-num46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
      7. inv-pow46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
    12. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -0.00200000009 < x < 2.00000003e-10

    1. Initial program 99.3%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 57.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 + 0.25 \cdot \frac{x}{s}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/57.9%

        \[\leadsto 0.5 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.25 \cdot x}{s}} \]
    5. Simplified57.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 + \frac{0.25 \cdot x}{s}} \]

    if 2.00000003e-10 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + -1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{s}{x}\right)} \]
      2. unsub-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
    10. Simplified95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification68.1%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + \frac{x \cdot 0.25}{s}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 75.4% accurate, 6.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -5.00000011871114e-34)
   (/ 1.0 (- 2.0 (/ x s)))
   (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ x s)))))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -5.00000011871114e-34f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (2.0f - (x / s));
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (1.0f / (1.0f + (x / s))));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-5.00000011871114e-34)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (2.0e0 - (x / s))
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (x / s))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(x / s)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(x / s)))));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-5.00000011871114e-34))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(2.0) - (x / s));
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (x / s))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -5.00000012e-34

    1. Initial program 99.4%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 45.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-145.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg45.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified45.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -5.00000012e-34 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative96.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified96.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification74.1%

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5.00000011871114 \cdot 10^{-34}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}\\ \end{array} \]
  5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 69.2% accurate, 7.2× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.0020000000949949026)
   (/ 1.0 (/ x s))
   (if (<= x 2.000000026702864e-10) 0.5 (- 1.0 (/ s x)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.0020000000949949026f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (x / s);
	} else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10f) {
		tmp = 0.5f;
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f - (s / x);
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-0.0020000000949949026e0)) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (x / s)
    else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10) then
        tmp = 0.5e0
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 - (s / x)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(x / s));
	elseif (x <= Float32(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = Float32(0.5);
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(s / x));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (x / s);
	elseif (x <= single(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = single(0.5);
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) - (s / x);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00200000009

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg46.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-140.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. clear-num46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
      7. inv-pow46.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{x}{s}\right)}^{-1}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. unpow-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]
    12. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if -0.00200000009 < x < 2.00000003e-10

    1. Initial program 99.3%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 56.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5} \]

    if 2.00000003e-10 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + -1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{s}{x}\right)} \]
      2. unsub-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
    10. Simplified95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 68.0% accurate, 7.2× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{s}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.0020000000949949026)
   (/ s x)
   (if (<= x 2.000000026702864e-10) 0.5 (- 1.0 (/ s x)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.0020000000949949026f) {
		tmp = s / x;
	} else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10f) {
		tmp = 0.5f;
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f - (s / x);
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-0.0020000000949949026e0)) then
        tmp = s / x
    else if (x <= 2.000000026702864e-10) then
        tmp = 0.5e0
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 - (s / x)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = Float32(s / x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = Float32(0.5);
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(s / x));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = s / x;
	elseif (x <= single(2.000000026702864e-10))
		tmp = single(0.5);
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) - (s / x);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{s}{x}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 2.000000026702864 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 - \frac{s}{x}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00200000009

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg46.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-140.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. div-inv40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{s \cdot \frac{1}{x}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{s \cdot \frac{1}{x}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{s \cdot 1}{x}} \]
      2. *-rgt-identity40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
    12. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{s}{x}} \]

    if -0.00200000009 < x < 2.00000003e-10

    1. Initial program 99.3%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 56.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5} \]

    if 2.00000003e-10 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 + -1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. mul-1-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto 1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{s}{x}\right)} \]
      2. unsub-neg95.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
    10. Simplified95.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 - \frac{s}{x}} \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 11: 70.8% accurate, 7.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{s \cdot 2 - x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x 3.99999987306209e-19)
   (/ 1.0 (/ (- (* s 2.0) x) s))
   (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ s x)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (((s * 2.0f) - x) / s);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (s / x));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (((s * 2.0e0) - x) / s)
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (s / x))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(Float32(s * Float32(2.0)) - x) / s));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(s / x)));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (((s * single(2.0)) - x) / s);
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (s / x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\frac{s \cdot 2 - x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < 3.99999987e-19

    1. Initial program 99.6%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-152.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg52.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in s around 0 52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{2 \cdot s - x}{s}}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. *-commutative52.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\frac{\color{blue}{s \cdot 2} - x}{s}} \]
    8. Simplified52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{s \cdot 2 - x}{s}}} \]

    if 3.99999987e-19 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 90.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 12: 70.8% accurate, 9.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x 3.99999987306209e-19)
   (/ 1.0 (- 2.0 (/ x s)))
   (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (/ s x)))))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19f) {
		tmp = 1.0f / (2.0f - (x / s));
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0f / (1.0f + (s / x));
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= 3.99999987306209e-19) then
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (2.0e0 - (x / s))
    else
        tmp = 1.0e0 / (1.0e0 + (s / x))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(x / s)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(s / x)));
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(3.99999987306209e-19))
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(2.0) - (x / s));
	else
		tmp = single(1.0) / (single(1.0) + (s / x));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 3.99999987306209 \cdot 10^{-19}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < 3.99999987e-19

    1. Initial program 99.6%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-152.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg52.6%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified52.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]

    if 3.99999987e-19 < x

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Step-by-step derivation
      1. distribute-frac-neg100.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + e^{\color{blue}{-\frac{x}{s}}}} \]
      2. exp-neg99.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    4. Applied egg-rr99.9%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{e^{\frac{x}{s}}}}} \]
    5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{x}{s}}}} \]
    6. Step-by-step derivation
      1. +-commutative97.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    7. Simplified97.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\frac{x}{s} + 1}}} \]
    8. Taylor expanded in x around inf 90.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + \frac{s}{x}}} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 13: 46.4% accurate, 13.4× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{s}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.0020000000949949026) (/ s x) 0.5))
float code(float x, float s) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.0020000000949949026f) {
		tmp = s / x;
	} else {
		tmp = 0.5f;
	}
	return tmp;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    real(4) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-0.0020000000949949026e0)) then
        tmp = s / x
    else
        tmp = 0.5e0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function
function code(x, s)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = Float32(s / x);
	else
		tmp = Float32(0.5);
	end
	return tmp
end
function tmp_2 = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.0020000000949949026))
		tmp = s / x;
	else
		tmp = single(0.5);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0020000000949949026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{s}{x}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5\\


\end{array}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00200000009

    1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 + -1 \cdot \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    4. Step-by-step derivation
      1. neg-mul-146.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{2 + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{x}{s}\right)}} \]
      2. unsub-neg46.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    5. Simplified46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\color{blue}{2 - \frac{x}{s}}} \]
    6. Taylor expanded in x around inf 40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1 \cdot \frac{s}{x}} \]
    7. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-1 \cdot s}{x}} \]
      2. neg-mul-140.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-s}}{x} \]
    8. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-s}{x}} \]
    9. Step-by-step derivation
      1. add-sqr-sqrt-0.0%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{-s} \cdot \sqrt{-s}}}{x} \]
      2. sqrt-unprod51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-s\right) \cdot \left(-s\right)}}}{x} \]
      3. sqr-neg51.4%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{s \cdot s}}}{x} \]
      4. sqrt-unprod40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{s} \cdot \sqrt{s}}}{x} \]
      5. add-sqr-sqrt40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
      6. div-inv40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{s \cdot \frac{1}{x}} \]
    10. Applied egg-rr40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{s \cdot \frac{1}{x}} \]
    11. Step-by-step derivation
      1. associate-*r/40.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{s \cdot 1}{x}} \]
      2. *-rgt-identity40.9%

        \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{s}}{x} \]
    12. Simplified40.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{s}{x}} \]

    if -0.00200000009 < x

    1. Initial program 99.6%

      \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing
    3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 43.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5} \]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 14: 34.9% accurate, 108.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0.5 \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x s) :precision binary32 0.5)
float code(float x, float s) {
	return 0.5f;
}
real(4) function code(x, s)
    real(4), intent (in) :: x
    real(4), intent (in) :: s
    code = 0.5e0
end function
function code(x, s)
	return Float32(0.5)
end
function tmp = code(x, s)
	tmp = single(0.5);
end
\begin{array}{l}

\\
0.5
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 99.7%

    \[\frac{1}{1 + e^{\frac{-x}{s}}} \]
  2. Add Preprocessing
  3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 33.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5} \]
  4. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

?
herbie shell --seed 2024144 
(FPCore (x s)
  :name "Logistic function"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (<= 0.0 s) (<= s 1.0651631))
  (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (exp (/ (- x) s)))))