Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (26)

Percentage Accurate: 99.9% → 99.9%

Time: 20.3s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 1.0×

• 61.4% of points produce a very large (infinite) output. You may want to add a precondition.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (b * b))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(b * b))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 99.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (b * b))) - 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(b * b))) - 1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (b * b))) - 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) + -1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (+ (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* (* b b) 4.0)) -1.0))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + ((b * b) * 4.0)) + -1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + ((b * b) * 4.0d0)) + (-1.0d0)
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + ((b * b) * 4.0)) + -1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + ((b * b) * 4.0)) + -1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 4.0)) + -1.0)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * b) * 4.0)) + -1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.8%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Final simplification 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 4\right) + -1 \]
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.2% accurate, 4.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 1000:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b + 4\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + b \cdot \left(b \cdot \frac{2}{a \cdot a}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 1000.0)
   (+ (* b (* b (+ (* b b) 4.0))) -1.0)
   (* (* a (* a (* a a))) (+ 1.0 (* b (* b (/ 2.0 (* a a))))))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0) {
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0 + (b * (b * (2.0 / (a * a)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if ((a * a) <= 1000.0d0) then
        tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0d0))) + (-1.0d0)
    else
        tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0d0 + (b * (b * (2.0d0 / (a * a)))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0) {
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0 + (b * (b * (2.0 / (a * a)))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (a * a) <= 1000.0:
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0
	else:
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0 + (b * (b * (2.0 / (a * a)))))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 1000.0)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(Float64(b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a))) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(2.0 / Float64(a * a))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0)
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	else
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) * (1.0 + (b * (b * (2.0 / (a * a)))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 1000.0], N[(N[(b * N[(b * N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(b * N[(b * N[(2.0 / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 1e3

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right)}, 1\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      5. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      8. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), 1\right) \]

      9. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + b \cdot 4\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      12. distribute-lft-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 4\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      13. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      15. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left({b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 98.9%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(4 + b \cdot b\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   if 1e3 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + {a}^{4} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right) \]

      4. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + \left({a}^{4} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{2} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({a}^{4} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{2}}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left(\left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      9. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{a}^{2}}}\right) \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}{{\color{blue}{a}}^{2}}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right)\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot 1\right)\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

   7. Simplified 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + 2 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({a}^{4}\right), \color{blue}{\left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}\right), \left(\color{blue}{1} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      5. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{1} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      6. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      7. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot {a}^{3}\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left({a}^{3}\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{1} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      9. cube-mult N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left({a}^{2}\right)\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      12. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      13. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)\right) \]

      14. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      15. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\frac{2 \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{a}^{2}}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. associate-*l/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\frac{2}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}}\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\frac{2 \cdot 1}{{a}^{2}} \cdot {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. associate-*r/ N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2}\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      20. associate-*r* N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

      21. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(1, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot b\right), \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. Simplified 97.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{2}{a \cdot a} \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 1000:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b + 4\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + b \cdot \left(b \cdot \frac{2}{a \cdot a}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.9% accurate, 5.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := a \cdot a + b \cdot b\\ b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(t\_0 \cdot t\_0 + -1\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (* a a) (* b b)))) (+ (* b (* b 4.0)) (+ (* t_0 t_0) -1.0))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = (a * a) + (b * b);
	return (b * (b * 4.0)) + ((t_0 * t_0) + -1.0);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: t_0
    t_0 = (a * a) + (b * b)
    code = (b * (b * 4.0d0)) + ((t_0 * t_0) + (-1.0d0))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double t_0 = (a * a) + (b * b);
	return (b * (b * 4.0)) + ((t_0 * t_0) + -1.0);
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	t_0 = (a * a) + (b * b)
	return (b * (b * 4.0)) + ((t_0 * t_0) + -1.0)

Julia

function code(a, b)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b))
	return Float64(Float64(b * Float64(b * 4.0)) + Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) + -1.0))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	t_0 = (a * a) + (b * b);
	tmp = (b * (b * 4.0)) + ((t_0 * t_0) + -1.0);
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(b * N[(b * 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.8%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg N/A

      \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

   3. associate-+l+ N/A

      \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   5. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   8. *-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

   11. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

   19. metadata-eval 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

3. Simplified 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 69.9% accurate, 5.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 10^{-92}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot a \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+20}:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 1e-92)
   -1.0
   (if (<= (* a a) 5e+20) (* b (* b (* b b))) (* a (* a (* a a))))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1e-92) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else if ((a * a) <= 5e+20) {
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	} else {
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if ((a * a) <= 1d-92) then
        tmp = -1.0d0
    else if ((a * a) <= 5d+20) then
        tmp = b * (b * (b * b))
    else
        tmp = a * (a * (a * a))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1e-92) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else if ((a * a) <= 5e+20) {
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	} else {
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (a * a) <= 1e-92:
		tmp = -1.0
	elif (a * a) <= 5e+20:
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b))
	else:
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 1e-92)
		tmp = -1.0;
	elseif (Float64(a * a) <= 5e+20)
		tmp = Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(b * b)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((a * a) <= 1e-92)
		tmp = -1.0;
	elseif ((a * a) <= 5e+20)
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	else
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 1e-92], -1.0, If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 5e+20], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 9.99999999999999988e-93

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right)\right)}, 1\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      2. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + 4\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}\right), 1\right) \]

      6. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      7. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      8. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      12. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      13. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left({b}^{2} + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      14. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      16. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left({a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      18. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      19. *-lowering-*.f64 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(4 + \left(b \cdot b + 2 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 59.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]

   if 9.99999999999999988e-93 < (*.f64 a a) < 5e20

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 62.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 62.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \]

   if 5e20 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 91.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{a}\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 91.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.2% accurate, 5.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 1000:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b + 4\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a a) 1000.0)
   (+ (* b (* b (+ (* b b) 4.0))) -1.0)
   (* (* a a) (+ (* a a) (* (* b b) 2.0)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0) {
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if ((a * a) <= 1000.0d0) then
        tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0d0))) + (-1.0d0)
    else
        tmp = (a * a) * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0) {
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = (a * a) * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (a * a) <= 1000.0:
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0
	else:
		tmp = (a * a) * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(a * a) <= 1000.0)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(Float64(b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 2.0)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((a * a) <= 1000.0)
		tmp = (b * (b * ((b * b) + 4.0))) + -1.0;
	else
		tmp = (a * a) * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision], 1000.0], N[(N[(b * N[(b * N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] + 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a a) < 1e3

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right)}, 1\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{4} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      3. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      4. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      5. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      8. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \cdot b + \left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), 1\right) \]

      9. distribute-rgt-out N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      10. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot b\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      11. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot {b}^{2} + b \cdot 4\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      12. distribute-lft-out N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \left({b}^{2} + 4\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      13. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      15. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left({b}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      16. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 98.9%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(4 + b \cdot b\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   if 1e3 < (*.f64 a a)

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} \cdot 1 + \color{blue}{{a}^{4} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      2. *-rgt-identity N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + {a}^{4} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}} \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right) \]

      4. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + \left({a}^{4} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{2} \]

      5. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({a}^{4} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)} \]

      6. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} \cdot \frac{{b}^{\color{blue}{2}}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      7. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left(\left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2}}}{{a}^{2}}\right) \]

      8. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}\right)}\right) \]

      9. associate-*r/ N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{a}^{2}}}\right) \]

      10. *-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}{{\color{blue}{a}}^{2}}\right) \]

      11. associate-/l* N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2}}{{a}^{2}}}\right)\right) \]

      12. *-inverses N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot 1\right)\right) \]

      13. *-rgt-identity N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{4} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{\color{blue}{2}}\right) \]

      14. metadata-eval N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)} + 2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

      15. pow-sqr N/A

          \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2} + \color{blue}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) \]

   7. Simplified 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + 2 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot a \leq 1000:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b + 4\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 94.0% accurate, 7.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{+18}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* b b) 1e+18) (+ (* a (* a (* a a))) -1.0) (* b (* b (* b b)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+18) {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if ((b * b) <= 1d+18) then
        tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + (-1.0d0)
    else
        tmp = b * (b * (b * b))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+18) {
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if (b * b) <= 1e+18:
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + -1.0
	else:
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(b * b) <= 1e+18)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a))) + -1.0);
	else
		tmp = Float64(b * Float64(b * Float64(b * b)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((b * b) <= 1e+18)
		tmp = (a * (a * (a * a))) + -1.0;
	else
		tmp = b * (b * (b * b));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 1e+18], N[(N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(b * N[(b * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f64 b b) < 1e18

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left({a}^{4}\right)}, 1\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({a}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}\right), 1\right) \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({a}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {a}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left({a}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   if 1e18 < (*.f64 b b)

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in b around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{b}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{\left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {b}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{b}^{2}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{b}}^{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto b \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot {b}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 90.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \color{blue}{b}\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 90.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 95.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 10^{+18}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right) + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;b \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 47.4% accurate, 9.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \leq 0.017:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= a 0.017) -1.0 (* a (* a (* a a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (a <= 0.017) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (a <= 0.017d0) then
        tmp = -1.0d0
    else
        tmp = a * (a * (a * a))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	double tmp;
	if (a <= 0.017) {
		tmp = -1.0;
	} else {
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	tmp = 0
	if a <= 0.017:
		tmp = -1.0
	else:
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (a <= 0.017)
		tmp = -1.0;
	else
		tmp = Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(a * a)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (a <= 0.017)
		tmp = -1.0;
	else
		tmp = a * (a * (a * a));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[a, 0.017], -1.0, N[(a * N[(a * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if a < 0.017000000000000001

   1. Initial program 99.8%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right)\right)}, 1\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      2. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + 4\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      4. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}\right), 1\right) \]

      6. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

      7. distribute-lft-in N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      8. associate-+r+ N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      10. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      12. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      13. +-commutative N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left({b}^{2} + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      14. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      15. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      16. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left({a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      18. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

      19. *-lowering-*.f64 82.8%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   5. Simplified 82.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(4 + \left(b \cdot b + 2 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

   6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

   8. Simplified 34.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]

   if 0.017000000000000001 < a

   1. Initial program 99.9%

      \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg N/A

         \[\leadsto \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \]

      3. associate-+l+ N/A

         \[\leadsto 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right) + \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \color{blue}{\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

      5. associate-*r* N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(4 \cdot b\right) \cdot b\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(4 \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\color{blue}{{\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-commutative N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \left(b \cdot 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{\color{blue}{2}} + \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right), \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

      11. unpow2 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(\color{blue}{1}\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      14. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      15. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      16. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(a \cdot a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \left(b \cdot b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      18. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), \left(\mathsf{neg}\left(1\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

      19. metadata-eval 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, 4\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right)\right)\right), -1\right)\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{b \cdot \left(b \cdot 4\right) + \left(\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right) + -1\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in a around inf

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{a}^{4}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{\left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{2}\right)} \]

      2. pow-sqr N/A

         \[\leadsto {a}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{{a}^{2}} \]

      3. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\color{blue}{a}}^{2} \]

      4. associate-*l* N/A

         \[\leadsto a \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)} \]

      5. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot {a}^{2}\right)}\right) \]

      6. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{\left({a}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 N/A

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \left(a \cdot \color{blue}{a}\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. *-lowering-*.f64 84.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, \color{blue}{a}\right)\right)\right) \]

   7. Simplified 84.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 25.1% accurate, 116.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 -1.0)

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = -1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return -1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return -1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return -1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = -1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := -1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 99.8%

   \[\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)\right) - 1 \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in a around 0

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + \left(4 \cdot {b}^{2} + {b}^{4}\right)\right)}, 1\right) \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

   2. associate-*r* N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot {b}^{2} + 4 \cdot {b}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

   3. distribute-rgt-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + 4\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

   4. +-commutative N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{4}\right), 1\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{\left(2 \cdot 2\right)}\right), 1\right) \]

   6. pow-sqr N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}\right), 1\right) \]

   7. distribute-lft-in N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(4 + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) + {b}^{2}\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   8. associate-+r+ N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2} \cdot \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   9. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   10. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   11. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(4 + \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   12. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2} + {b}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   13. +-commutative N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \left({b}^{2} + 2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   14. +-lowering-+.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left({b}^{2}\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   15. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\left(b \cdot b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   16. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \left(2 \cdot {a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   17. *-lowering-*.f64 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left({a}^{2}\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   18. unpow2 N/A

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

   19. *-lowering-*.f64 76.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{\_.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{+.f64}\left(4, \mathsf{+.f64}\left(\mathsf{*.f64}\left(b, b\right), \mathsf{*.f64}\left(2, \mathsf{*.f64}\left(a, a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), 1\right) \]

5. Simplified 76.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(4 + \left(b \cdot b + 2 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)} - 1 \]

6. Taylor expanded in b around 0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

8. Simplified 26.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024141 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (26)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (* b b))) 1.0))