
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a))))) 1.0))
double code(double a, double b) {
return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a))))) 1.0))
double code(double a, double b) {
return (pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
code = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (((a * a) * (1.0d0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0d0 + a))))) - 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return (Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return (math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64((Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(1.0 - a)) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * Float64(3.0 + a))))) - 1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0) + (4.0 * (((a * a) * (1.0 - a)) + ((b * b) * (3.0 + a))))) - 1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(3.0 + a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left({\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2} + 4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(1 - a\right) + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(3 + a\right)\right)\right) - 1
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (+ (+ (pow (hypot b a) 4.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* a a) (* (* b b) 3.0)))) -1.0))
double code(double a, double b) {
return (pow(hypot(b, a), 4.0) + (4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0)))) + -1.0;
}
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return (Math.pow(Math.hypot(b, a), 4.0) + (4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0)))) + -1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return (math.pow(math.hypot(b, a), 4.0) + (4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0)))) + -1.0
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64((hypot(b, a) ^ 4.0) + Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 3.0)))) + -1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((hypot(b, a) ^ 4.0) + (4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0)))) + -1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[Power[N[Sqrt[b ^ 2 + a ^ 2], $MachinePrecision], 4.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left({\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(b, a\right)\right)}^{4} + 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot a + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 3\right)\right) + -1
\end{array}
Initial program 69.4%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 91.3%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.9%
unpow299.9%
+-commutative99.9%
distribute-lft-in86.2%
add-sqr-sqrt86.2%
pow286.2%
+-commutative86.2%
hypot-define86.2%
pow286.2%
add-sqr-sqrt86.2%
pow286.2%
+-commutative86.2%
hypot-define86.2%
pow286.2%
Applied egg-rr86.2%
distribute-lft-out99.9%
+-commutative99.9%
rem-square-sqrt99.9%
+-commutative99.9%
unpow299.9%
unpow299.9%
hypot-undefine99.9%
+-commutative99.9%
unpow299.9%
unpow299.9%
hypot-undefine99.9%
unpow299.9%
pow-sqr99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Final simplification99.9%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= (* b b) 2e+38) (+ (+ (* 4.0 (+ (* a a) (* (* b b) 3.0))) (pow a 4.0)) -1.0) (* (pow b 4.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (/ (* (* a a) 2.0) b) b)))))
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((b * b) <= 2e+38) {
tmp = ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + pow(a, 4.0)) + -1.0;
} else {
tmp = pow(b, 4.0) * (1.0 + ((((a * a) * 2.0) / b) / b));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8) :: tmp
if ((b * b) <= 2d+38) then
tmp = ((4.0d0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0d0))) + (a ** 4.0d0)) + (-1.0d0)
else
tmp = (b ** 4.0d0) * (1.0d0 + ((((a * a) * 2.0d0) / b) / b))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((b * b) <= 2e+38) {
tmp = ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + Math.pow(a, 4.0)) + -1.0;
} else {
tmp = Math.pow(b, 4.0) * (1.0 + ((((a * a) * 2.0) / b) / b));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if (b * b) <= 2e+38: tmp = ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + math.pow(a, 4.0)) + -1.0 else: tmp = math.pow(b, 4.0) * (1.0 + ((((a * a) * 2.0) / b) / b)) return tmp
function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(b * b) <= 2e+38) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 3.0))) + (a ^ 4.0)) + -1.0); else tmp = Float64((b ^ 4.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) * 2.0) / b) / b))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, b) tmp = 0.0; if ((b * b) <= 2e+38) tmp = ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + (a ^ 4.0)) + -1.0; else tmp = (b ^ 4.0) * (1.0 + ((((a * a) * 2.0) / b) / b)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision], 2e+38], N[(N[(N[(4.0 * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Power[b, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \cdot b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+38}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(4 \cdot \left(a \cdot a + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 3\right) + {a}^{4}\right) + -1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;{b}^{4} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\frac{\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot 2}{b}}{b}\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (*.f64 b b) < 1.99999999999999995e38Initial program 74.7%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.8%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.8%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 98.3%
if 1.99999999999999995e38 < (*.f64 b b) Initial program 64.2%
associate--l+64.2%
fma-define64.2%
sqr-neg64.2%
fma-define64.2%
distribute-rgt-in64.2%
sqr-neg64.2%
distribute-rgt-in64.2%
fma-define64.2%
sqr-neg64.2%
Simplified69.7%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 86.3%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 86.3%
associate-*r/85.6%
*-commutative85.6%
associate-*r/86.3%
Simplified86.3%
pow286.3%
pow286.3%
associate-*r/85.6%
associate-/r*97.2%
*-commutative97.2%
pow297.2%
Applied egg-rr97.2%
pow297.2%
Applied egg-rr97.2%
Final simplification97.7%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (+ (+ (* 4.0 (+ (* a a) (* (* b b) 3.0))) (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0)) -1.0))
double code(double a, double b) {
return ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0)) + -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
code = ((4.0d0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0d0))) + (((a * a) + (b * b)) ** 2.0d0)) + (-1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + Math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0)) + -1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + math.pow(((a * a) + (b * b)), 2.0)) + -1.0
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64(Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 3.0))) + (Float64(Float64(a * a) + Float64(b * b)) ^ 2.0)) + -1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((4.0 * ((a * a) + ((b * b) * 3.0))) + (((a * a) + (b * b)) ^ 2.0)) + -1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(4.0 * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(4 \cdot \left(a \cdot a + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 3\right) + {\left(a \cdot a + b \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right) + -1
\end{array}
Initial program 69.4%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 91.3%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.9%
Final simplification99.9%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= a -4e+16) (not (<= a 8e+20))) (pow a 4.0) (+ (+ (pow b 4.0) (* (* b b) 12.0)) -1.0)))
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((a <= -4e+16) || !(a <= 8e+20)) {
tmp = pow(a, 4.0);
} else {
tmp = (pow(b, 4.0) + ((b * b) * 12.0)) + -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8) :: tmp
if ((a <= (-4d+16)) .or. (.not. (a <= 8d+20))) then
tmp = a ** 4.0d0
else
tmp = ((b ** 4.0d0) + ((b * b) * 12.0d0)) + (-1.0d0)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((a <= -4e+16) || !(a <= 8e+20)) {
tmp = Math.pow(a, 4.0);
} else {
tmp = (Math.pow(b, 4.0) + ((b * b) * 12.0)) + -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if (a <= -4e+16) or not (a <= 8e+20): tmp = math.pow(a, 4.0) else: tmp = (math.pow(b, 4.0) + ((b * b) * 12.0)) + -1.0 return tmp
function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if ((a <= -4e+16) || !(a <= 8e+20)) tmp = a ^ 4.0; else tmp = Float64(Float64((b ^ 4.0) + Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0)) + -1.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, b) tmp = 0.0; if ((a <= -4e+16) || ~((a <= 8e+20))) tmp = a ^ 4.0; else tmp = ((b ^ 4.0) + ((b * b) * 12.0)) + -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, b_] := If[Or[LessEqual[a, -4e+16], N[Not[LessEqual[a, 8e+20]], $MachinePrecision]], N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[Power[b, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq -4 \cdot 10^{+16} \lor \neg \left(a \leq 8 \cdot 10^{+20}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;{a}^{4}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left({b}^{4} + \left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12\right) + -1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if a < -4e16 or 8e20 < a Initial program 39.8%
associate--l+39.8%
fma-define39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
fma-define39.8%
distribute-rgt-in39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
distribute-rgt-in39.8%
fma-define39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
Simplified45.2%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 92.5%
associate-*r/92.5%
metadata-eval92.5%
Simplified92.5%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 92.5%
if -4e16 < a < 8e20Initial program 99.1%
associate--l+99.1%
fma-define99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
fma-define99.1%
distribute-rgt-in99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
distribute-rgt-in99.1%
fma-define99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
Simplified99.1%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.7%
pow299.7%
Applied egg-rr99.7%
Final simplification96.1%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= a -2.9e+19) (not (<= a 2.3e+20))) (pow a 4.0) (+ (* (* b b) 12.0) -1.0)))
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((a <= -2.9e+19) || !(a <= 2.3e+20)) {
tmp = pow(a, 4.0);
} else {
tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8) :: tmp
if ((a <= (-2.9d+19)) .or. (.not. (a <= 2.3d+20))) then
tmp = a ** 4.0d0
else
tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0d0) + (-1.0d0)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if ((a <= -2.9e+19) || !(a <= 2.3e+20)) {
tmp = Math.pow(a, 4.0);
} else {
tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if (a <= -2.9e+19) or not (a <= 2.3e+20): tmp = math.pow(a, 4.0) else: tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0 return tmp
function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if ((a <= -2.9e+19) || !(a <= 2.3e+20)) tmp = a ^ 4.0; else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, b) tmp = 0.0; if ((a <= -2.9e+19) || ~((a <= 2.3e+20))) tmp = a ^ 4.0; else tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, b_] := If[Or[LessEqual[a, -2.9e+19], N[Not[LessEqual[a, 2.3e+20]], $MachinePrecision]], N[Power[a, 4.0], $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq -2.9 \cdot 10^{+19} \lor \neg \left(a \leq 2.3 \cdot 10^{+20}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;{a}^{4}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 + -1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if a < -2.9e19 or 2.3e20 < a Initial program 39.8%
associate--l+39.8%
fma-define39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
fma-define39.8%
distribute-rgt-in39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
distribute-rgt-in39.8%
fma-define39.8%
sqr-neg39.8%
Simplified45.2%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 92.5%
associate-*r/92.5%
metadata-eval92.5%
Simplified92.5%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 92.5%
if -2.9e19 < a < 2.3e20Initial program 99.1%
associate--l+99.1%
fma-define99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
fma-define99.1%
distribute-rgt-in99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
distribute-rgt-in99.1%
fma-define99.1%
sqr-neg99.1%
Simplified99.1%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.7%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 78.4%
pow299.7%
Applied egg-rr78.4%
Final simplification85.4%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (+ (* (* b b) 12.0) -1.0))
double code(double a, double b) {
return ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
code = ((b * b) * 12.0d0) + (-1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64(Float64(b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((b * b) * 12.0) + -1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * 12.0), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot 12 + -1
\end{array}
Initial program 69.4%
associate--l+69.4%
fma-define69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
fma-define69.4%
distribute-rgt-in69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
distribute-rgt-in69.4%
fma-define69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
Simplified72.2%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 70.2%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 52.0%
pow270.2%
Applied egg-rr52.0%
Final simplification52.0%
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double a, double b) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, b)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(a, b): return -1.0
function code(a, b) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = -1.0; end
code[a_, b_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 69.4%
associate--l+69.4%
fma-define69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
fma-define69.4%
distribute-rgt-in69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
distribute-rgt-in69.4%
fma-define69.4%
sqr-neg69.4%
Simplified72.2%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 70.2%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 22.8%
herbie shell --seed 2024136
(FPCore (a b)
:name "Bouland and Aaronson, Equation (24)"
:precision binary64
(- (+ (pow (+ (* a a) (* b b)) 2.0) (* 4.0 (+ (* (* a a) (- 1.0 a)) (* (* b b) (+ 3.0 a))))) 1.0))