
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (* (cos (* 0.5 (- eps (* -2.0 x)))) (sin (* 0.5 eps))) 2.0))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return (cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = (cos((0.5d0 * (eps - ((-2.0d0) * x)))) * sin((0.5d0 * eps))) * 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return (Math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * Math.sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0;
}
def code(x, eps): return (math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * math.sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0
function code(x, eps) return Float64(Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(eps - Float64(-2.0 * x)))) * sin(Float64(0.5 * eps))) * 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = (cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * sin((0.5 * eps))) * 2.0; end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(eps - N[(-2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon - -2 \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 2
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
diff-sin61.4%
*-commutative61.4%
div-inv61.4%
associate--l+61.5%
metadata-eval61.5%
div-inv61.5%
+-commutative61.5%
associate-+l+61.5%
metadata-eval61.5%
Applied egg-rr61.5%
Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.9%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (+ (cos x) (* eps (+ (* -0.5 (sin x)) (* eps -0.16666666666666666))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (cos(x) + (eps * ((-0.5 * sin(x)) + (eps * -0.16666666666666666))));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * (cos(x) + (eps * (((-0.5d0) * sin(x)) + (eps * (-0.16666666666666666d0)))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (Math.cos(x) + (eps * ((-0.5 * Math.sin(x)) + (eps * -0.16666666666666666))));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * (math.cos(x) + (eps * ((-0.5 * math.sin(x)) + (eps * -0.16666666666666666))))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * Float64(cos(x) + Float64(eps * Float64(Float64(-0.5 * sin(x)) + Float64(eps * -0.16666666666666666))))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * (cos(x) + (eps * ((-0.5 * sin(x)) + (eps * -0.16666666666666666)))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[(eps * N[(N[(-0.5 * N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(eps * -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \varepsilon \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot \sin x + \varepsilon \cdot -0.16666666666666666\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.7%
Final simplification99.7%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (cos (* 0.5 (- eps (* -2.0 x))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x))));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * cos((0.5d0 * (eps - ((-2.0d0) * x))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * Math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x))));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x))))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(eps - Float64(-2.0 * x))))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(eps - N[(-2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon - -2 \cdot x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
diff-sin61.4%
*-commutative61.4%
div-inv61.4%
associate--l+61.5%
metadata-eval61.5%
div-inv61.5%
+-commutative61.5%
associate-+l+61.5%
metadata-eval61.5%
Applied egg-rr61.5%
Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.9%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.6%
*-commutative99.6%
Simplified99.6%
Taylor expanded in eps around inf 99.6%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (cos x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * cos(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * cos(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * Math.cos(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * math.cos(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * cos(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * cos(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \cos x
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.1%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (+ eps (* x (* -0.5 (* eps (+ eps x))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps + (x * (-0.5 * (eps * (eps + x))));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps + (x * ((-0.5d0) * (eps * (eps + x))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps + (x * (-0.5 * (eps * (eps + x))));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps + (x * (-0.5 * (eps * (eps + x))))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps + Float64(x * Float64(-0.5 * Float64(eps * Float64(eps + x))))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps + (x * (-0.5 * (eps * (eps + x)))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps + N[(x * N[(-0.5 * N[(eps * N[(eps + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon + x \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon + x\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%
distribute-lft-out98.7%
unpow298.7%
distribute-lft-in98.7%
+-commutative98.7%
Simplified98.7%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (+ 1.0 (* -0.5 (* eps x)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (1.0 + (-0.5 * (eps * x)));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * (1.0d0 + ((-0.5d0) * (eps * x)))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (1.0 + (-0.5 * (eps * x)));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * (1.0 + (-0.5 * (eps * x)))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * Float64(1.0 + Float64(-0.5 * Float64(eps * x)))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * (1.0 + (-0.5 * (eps * x))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[(1.0 + N[(-0.5 * N[(eps * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \left(1 + -0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.3%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 eps)
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
def code(x, eps): return eps
function code(x, eps) return eps end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps; end
code[x_, eps_] := eps
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon
\end{array}
Initial program 61.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.2%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 98.2%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (* 2.0 (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0)))) (sin (/ eps 2.0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return (2.0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = (2.0d0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0d0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0d0))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return (2.0 * Math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * Math.sin((eps / 2.0));
}
def code(x, eps): return (2.0 * math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * math.sin((eps / 2.0))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(Float64(2.0 * cos(Float64(x + Float64(eps / 2.0)))) * sin(Float64(eps / 2.0))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = (2.0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0)); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(2.0 * N[Cos[N[(x + N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(2 \cdot \cos \left(x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024117
(FPCore (x eps)
:name "2sin (example 3.3)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (and (<= -10000.0 x) (<= x 10000.0)) (< (* 1e-16 (fabs x)) eps)) (< eps (fabs x)))
:alt
(! :herbie-platform default (* 2 (cos (+ x (/ eps 2))) (sin (/ eps 2))))
(- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))