2isqrt (example 3.6)

Percentage Accurate: 38.8% → 99.7%

Time: 10.4s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 2.0×

Specification

\[x > 1 \land x < 10^{+308}\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 38.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.7% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x + x \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (+ x (* x (hypot 1.0 (pow x -0.5))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + (x * hypot(1.0, pow(x, -0.5))));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + (x * Math.hypot(1.0, Math.pow(x, -0.5))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + (x * math.hypot(1.0, math.pow(x, -0.5))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / Float64(x + Float64(x * hypot(1.0, (x ^ -0.5)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / (x + (x * hypot(1.0, (x ^ -0.5))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + N[(x * N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + N[Power[x, -0.5], $MachinePrecision] ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    2. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}} \]

    3. clear-num 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    4. un-div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    5. div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    6. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    7. add-sqr-sqrt 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    8. hypot-1-def 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    9. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    10. inv-pow 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{-1}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    11. sqrt-pow1 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \color{blue}{{x}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    12. metadata-eval 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    13. clear-num 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{1}}} \]

    14. /-rgt-identity 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}} \]

12. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot x}} \]
13. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right)}} \]

    2. +-commutative 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right) + 1\right)}} \]

    3. distribute-rgt-in 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right) \cdot x + 1 \cdot x}} \]

    4. *-un-lft-identity 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right) \cdot x + \color{blue}{x}} \]

14. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right) \cdot x + x}} \]

15. Final simplification 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x + x \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)} \]
16. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 99.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (* x (+ 1.0 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (/ 1.0 x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (1.0 + sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 / x)))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) / (x * (1.0d0 + sqrt((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 / x)))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (1.0 + Math.sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 / x)))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (1.0 + math.sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 / x)))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / Float64(x * Float64(1.0 + sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 / x))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / (x * (1.0 + sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 / x)))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(x * N[(1.0 + N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    2. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}} \]

    3. clear-num 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    4. un-div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    5. div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    6. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    7. add-sqr-sqrt 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    8. hypot-1-def 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    9. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    10. inv-pow 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{-1}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    11. sqrt-pow1 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \color{blue}{{x}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    12. metadata-eval 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    13. clear-num 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{1}}} \]

    14. /-rgt-identity 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}} \]

12. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot x}} \]
13. Step-by-step derivation

    1. hypot-undefine 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 \cdot 1 + {x}^{-0.5} \cdot {x}^{-0.5}}}\right) \cdot x} \]

    2. pow1/2 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{{\left(1 \cdot 1 + {x}^{-0.5} \cdot {x}^{-0.5}\right)}^{0.5}}\right) \cdot x} \]

    3. metadata-eval 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + {\left(\color{blue}{1} + {x}^{-0.5} \cdot {x}^{-0.5}\right)}^{0.5}\right) \cdot x} \]

    4. pow-prod-up 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + {\left(1 + \color{blue}{{x}^{\left(-0.5 + -0.5\right)}}\right)}^{0.5}\right) \cdot x} \]

    5. metadata-eval 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + {\left(1 + {x}^{\color{blue}{-1}}\right)}^{0.5}\right) \cdot x} \]

    6. inv-pow 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + {\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right)}^{0.5}\right) \cdot x} \]

14. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{{\left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}^{0.5}}\right) \cdot x} \]
15. Step-by-step derivation

    1. unpow1/2 99.8%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}\right) \cdot x} \]

16. Simplified 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}\right) \cdot x} \]

17. Final simplification 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}\right)} \]
18. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 99.2% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{0.0625 + 0.0390625 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}}{x} - 0.125}{x} + 0.5}{x} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5)
  (/ (+ (/ (- (/ (+ 0.0625 (* 0.0390625 (/ -1.0 x))) x) 0.125) x) 0.5) x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((((((0.0625 + (0.0390625 * (-1.0 / x))) / x) - 0.125) / x) + 0.5) / x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) * ((((((0.0625d0 + (0.0390625d0 * ((-1.0d0) / x))) / x) - 0.125d0) / x) + 0.5d0) / x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((((((0.0625 + (0.0390625 * (-1.0 / x))) / x) - 0.125) / x) + 0.5) / x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((((((0.0625 + (0.0390625 * (-1.0 / x))) / x) - 0.125) / x) + 0.5) / x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(0.0625 + Float64(0.0390625 * Float64(-1.0 / x))) / x) - 0.125) / x) + 0.5) / x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * ((((((0.0625 + (0.0390625 * (-1.0 / x))) / x) - 0.125) / x) + 0.5) / x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(0.0625 + N[(0.0390625 * N[(-1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision] - 0.125), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision] + 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

11. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{0.0390625 \cdot \frac{1}{x} - 0.0625}{x} - 0.125}{x} - 0.5}{x}\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

12. Final simplification 99.5%

    \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{0.0625 + 0.0390625 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}}{x} - 0.125}{x} + 0.5}{x} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 99.0% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{0.5 + \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot 0.0625 - 0.125}{x}}{x} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (* (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (/ (+ 0.5 (/ (- (* (/ 1.0 x) 0.0625) 0.125) x)) x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 + ((((1.0 / x) * 0.0625) - 0.125) / x)) / x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) * ((0.5d0 + ((((1.0d0 / x) * 0.0625d0) - 0.125d0) / x)) / x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 + ((((1.0 / x) * 0.0625) - 0.125) / x)) / x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 + ((((1.0 / x) * 0.0625) - 0.125) / x)) / x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * Float64(Float64(0.5 + Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) * 0.0625) - 0.125) / x)) / x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * ((0.5 + ((((1.0 / x) * 0.0625) - 0.125) / x)) / x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(0.5 + N[(N[(N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.0625), $MachinePrecision] - 0.125), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

11. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \frac{-1 \cdot \frac{0.0625 \cdot \frac{1}{x} - 0.125}{x} - 0.5}{x}\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

12. Final simplification 99.4%

    \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{0.5 + \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot 0.0625 - 0.125}{x}}{x} \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 98.8% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot \left(2 + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (* x (+ 2.0 (/ 0.5 x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (2.0 + (0.5 / x)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) / (x * (2.0d0 + (0.5d0 / x)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (2.0 + (0.5 / x)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x * (2.0 + (0.5 / x)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(0.5 / x))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / (x * (2.0 + (0.5 / x)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    2. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}} \]

    3. clear-num 99.7%

       \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    4. un-div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    5. div-inv 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}}} \]

    6. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    7. add-sqr-sqrt 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    8. hypot-1-def 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    9. expm1-log1p-u 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    10. inv-pow 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{-1}}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    11. sqrt-pow1 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \color{blue}{{x}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    12. metadata-eval 99.7%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

    13. clear-num 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{x}{1}}} \]

    14. /-rgt-identity 99.8%

        \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{x}} \]

12. Applied egg-rr 99.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(1 + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, {x}^{-0.5}\right)\right) \cdot x}} \]

13. Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.1%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\left(2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} \cdot x} \]
14. Step-by-step derivation

    1. associate-*r/ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(2 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}}\right) \cdot x} \]

    2. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\left(2 + \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x}\right) \cdot x} \]

15. Simplified 99.1%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\left(2 + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)} \cdot x} \]

16. Final simplification 99.1%

    \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x \cdot \left(2 + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)} \]
17. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 98.7% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}}{x} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (* (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (/ (- 0.5 (/ 0.125 x)) x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 - (0.125 / x)) / x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) * ((0.5d0 - (0.125d0 / x)) / x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 - (0.125 / x)) / x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) * ((0.5 - (0.125 / x)) / x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * Float64(Float64(0.5 - Float64(0.125 / x)) / x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) * ((0.5 - (0.125 / x)) / x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(0.5 - N[(0.125 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 - 0.125 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{0.5 - \color{blue}{\frac{0.125 \cdot 1}{x}}}{x} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{0.5 - \frac{\color{blue}{0.125}}{x}}{x} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

9. Simplified 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}}{x}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Final simplification 99.0%

    \[\leadsto {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \cdot \frac{0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}}{x} \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 97.8% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 0.5 (pow x -1.5)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 0.5 * pow(x, -1.5);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 0.5d0 * (x ** (-1.5d0))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 0.5 * Math.pow(x, -1.5);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 0.5 * math.pow(x, -1.5)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(0.5 * (x ^ -1.5))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 0.5 * (x ^ -1.5);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(0.5 * N[Power[x, -1.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. frac-sub 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   2. div-inv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

   3. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   4. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   5. +-commutative 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   6. metadata-eval 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   7. frac-times 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

   8. associate-*l/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   9. *-un-lft-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   10. inv-pow 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   11. sqrt-pow2 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   12. +-commutative 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 46.1%

       \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 46.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

   2. *-rgt-identity 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

   3. times-frac 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

   4. div-sub 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   5. sub-neg 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   6. *-inverses 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   7. metadata-eval 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

   8. /-rgt-identity 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

6. Simplified 46.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. sqrt-undiv 46.1%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. sqrt-undiv 46.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. add-sqr-sqrt 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1 \cdot -1}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. metadata-eval 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - \color{blue}{1}}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. sqrt-undiv 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 46.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1 + x}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-rgt-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   2. associate-*r/ 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   3. *-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   4. +-commutative 39.7%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 39.8%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   6. rgt-mult-inverse 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\color{blue}{1} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   7. *-lft-identity 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}}\right) - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   8. rem-exp-log 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. log1p-undefine 46.2%

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} - 1}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   10. expm1-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} - -1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. sub-neg 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \left(--1\right)}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   12. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + \color{blue}{1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1} + 1} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. distribute-lft1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} + 1\right) \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   15. distribute-rgt1-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{\color{blue}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}} \cdot 1}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   16. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1 + x}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   17. *-rgt-identity 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot 1}}{x}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   18. associate-*r/ 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   19. *-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   20. +-commutative 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\frac{1}{x} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   21. distribute-rgt-in 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{\color{blue}{x \cdot \frac{1}{x} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

10. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{x}}}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

11. Taylor expanded in x around inf 70.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}} \]
12. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 70.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}} \cdot 0.5} \]

13. Simplified 70.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}} \cdot 0.5} \]
14. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-un-lft-identity 70.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}\right)} \cdot 0.5 \]

    2. pow-flip 70.6%

       \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(-3\right)}}}\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

    3. sqrt-pow1 97.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{\left(\frac{-3}{2}\right)}}\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

    4. metadata-eval 97.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot {x}^{\left(\frac{\color{blue}{-3}}{2}\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

    5. metadata-eval 97.8%

       \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot {x}^{\color{blue}{-1.5}}\right) \cdot 0.5 \]

15. Applied egg-rr 97.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\right)} \cdot 0.5 \]
16. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-lft-identity 97.8%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{-1.5}} \cdot 0.5 \]

17. Simplified 97.8%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{x}^{-1.5}} \cdot 0.5 \]

18. Final simplification 97.8%

    \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5} \]
19. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 37.8% accurate, 14.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 6.5 \cdot 10^{+153}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x 6.5e+153) (* (+ -0.5 (/ 0.125 x)) (/ -1.0 x)) 0.0))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 6.5e+153) {
		tmp = (-0.5 + (0.125 / x)) * (-1.0 / x);
	} else {
		tmp = 0.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= 6.5d+153) then
        tmp = ((-0.5d0) + (0.125d0 / x)) * ((-1.0d0) / x)
    else
        tmp = 0.0d0
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 6.5e+153) {
		tmp = (-0.5 + (0.125 / x)) * (-1.0 / x);
	} else {
		tmp = 0.0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 6.5e+153:
		tmp = (-0.5 + (0.125 / x)) * (-1.0 / x)
	else:
		tmp = 0.0
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 6.5e+153)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(-0.5 + Float64(0.125 / x)) * Float64(-1.0 / x));
	else
		tmp = 0.0;
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 6.5e+153)
		tmp = (-0.5 + (0.125 / x)) * (-1.0 / x);
	else
		tmp = 0.0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 6.5e+153], N[(N[(-0.5 + N[(0.125 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 6.49999999999999972e153

   1. Initial program 11.1%

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. frac-sub 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

      2. div-inv 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}} \]

      3. *-rgt-identity 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

      4. *-un-lft-identity 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

      5. +-commutative 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

      6. metadata-eval 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot 1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

      7. frac-times 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)} \]

      8. associate-*l/ 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

      9. *-un-lft-identity 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

      10. inv-pow 11.3%

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

      11. sqrt-pow2 11.3%

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

      12. +-commutative 11.3%

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

      13. metadata-eval 11.3%

          \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}{\sqrt{x}} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 11.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\sqrt{x}}} \]

      2. *-rgt-identity 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot 1}} \]

      3. times-frac 11.3%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1}} \]

      4. div-sub 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

      5. sub-neg 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

      6. *-inverses 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \left(-\color{blue}{1}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

      7. metadata-eval 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{1} \]

      8. /-rgt-identity 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

   6. Simplified 11.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{1 + x}}{\sqrt{x}} + -1\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in x around inf 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 - 0.125 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}{x}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \frac{0.5 - \color{blue}{\frac{0.125 \cdot 1}{x}}}{x} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

      2. metadata-eval 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \frac{0.5 - \frac{\color{blue}{0.125}}{x}}{x} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   9. Simplified 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}}{x}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. frac-2neg 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-\left(0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}\right)}{-x}} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       2. div-inv 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\left(0.5 - \frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       3. sub-neg 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(0.5 + \left(-\frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       4. distribute-neg-in 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(-0.5\right) + \left(-\left(-\frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       5. metadata-eval 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(\color{blue}{-0.5} + \left(-\left(-\frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       6. distribute-neg-frac 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \left(-\color{blue}{\frac{-0.125}{x}}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       7. distribute-frac-neg2 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \color{blue}{\frac{-0.125}{-x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       8. frac-2neg 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.125}{x}}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{-x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       9. distribute-neg-frac2 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{1}{x}\right)}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       10. distribute-neg-frac 97.9%

           \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{x}}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

       11. metadata-eval 97.9%

           \[\leadsto \left(\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{x}\right) \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   11. Applied egg-rr 97.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]
   12. Step-by-step derivation

       1. *-commutative 97.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{x} \cdot \left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   13. Simplified 97.9%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{x} \cdot \left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right)} \cdot {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5} \]

   14. Taylor expanded in x around 0 8.4%

       \[\leadsto \left(\frac{-1}{x} \cdot \left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 6.49999999999999972e153 < x

   1. Initial program 75.0%

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-exp-log 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)}} \]

      2. log-rec 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{-\log \left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}} \]

      3. pow1/2 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-\log \color{blue}{\left({\left(x + 1\right)}^{0.5}\right)}} \]

      4. log-pow 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-\color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \log \left(x + 1\right)}} \]

      5. +-commutative 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-0.5 \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}} \]

      6. log1p-define 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \color{blue}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{--0.5 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-neg-in 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{\left(--0.5\right) \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} \]

      2. metadata-eval 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{0.5} \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative 4.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

      4. exp-to-pow 75.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{0.5}} \]

      5. unpow1/2 75.0%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

      6. +-inverses 75.0%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]

   7. Simplified 75.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 44.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 6.5 \cdot 10^{+153}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(-0.5 + \frac{0.125}{x}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 35.8% accurate, 209.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 0 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)

C

double code(double x) {
	return 0.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 0.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 0.0;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 0.0

Julia

function code(x)
	return 0.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := 0.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-exp-log 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}\right)}} \]

   2. log-rec 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{-\log \left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}} \]

   3. pow1/2 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-\log \color{blue}{\left({\left(x + 1\right)}^{0.5}\right)}} \]

   4. log-pow 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-\color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \log \left(x + 1\right)}} \]

   5. +-commutative 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-0.5 \cdot \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}} \]

   6. log1p-define 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{-0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 7.4%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \color{blue}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 4.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{--0.5 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. distribute-lft-neg-in 4.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{\left(--0.5\right) \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}} \]

   2. metadata-eval 4.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{0.5} \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative 4.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{x}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

   4. exp-to-pow 43.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{0.5}} \]

   5. unpow1/2 43.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{1}{x}} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{x}}} \]

   6. +-inverses 43.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]

7. Simplified 43.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Developer Target 1: 98.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{\left(x + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{x} + x \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ 1.0 (+ (* (+ x 1.0) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 1.0d0 / (((x + 1.0d0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * Math.sqrt(x)) + (x * Math.sqrt((x + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * math.sqrt(x)) + (x * math.sqrt((x + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(Float64(x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + Float64(x * sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 1.0 / (((x + 1.0) * sqrt(x)) + (x * sqrt((x + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024112 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (> x 1.0) (< x 1e+308))

  :alt
  (! :herbie-platform default (/ 1 (+ (* (+ x 1) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1))))))

  (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))