Hyperbolic arcsine

Percentage Accurate: 17.8% → 99.0%

Time: 7.9s

Alternatives: 6

Speedup: 207.0×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 17.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -42000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;x + \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot 0.075, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -42000000000.0)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1e-10)
     (+ x (* (fma (* x 0.075) x -0.16666666666666666) (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1e-10) {
		tmp = x + (fma((x * 0.075), x, -0.16666666666666666) * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1e-10)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(fma(Float64(x * 0.075), x, -0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -42000000000.0], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1e-10], N[(x + N[(N[(N[(x * 0.075), $MachinePrecision] * x + -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -4.2e10

   1. Initial program 1.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 3.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -4.2e10 < x < 1.00000000000000004e-10

   1. Initial program 7.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(0.075 \cdot {x}^{2} - 0.16666666666666666\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. unpow2 97.9%

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(0.075 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} - 0.16666666666666666\right)\right) \]

      2. associate-*r* 97.9%

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(0.075 \cdot x\right) \cdot x} - 0.16666666666666666\right)\right) \]

      3. fma-neg 97.9%

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right)}\right) \]

      4. metadata-eval 97.9%

         \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, \color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666}\right)\right) \]

   7. Applied egg-rr 97.9%

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right)}\right) \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot x + \left({x}^{2} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right)\right) \cdot x} \]

      2. *-un-lft-identity 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} + \left({x}^{2} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right)\right) \cdot x \]

      3. +-commutative 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left({x}^{2} \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right)\right) \cdot x + x} \]

      4. *-commutative 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \cdot x + x \]

      5. associate-*l* 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot x\right)} + x \]

      6. unpow2 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot x\right) + x \]

      7. unpow3 97.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{3}} + x \]

   9. Applied egg-rr 97.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.075 \cdot x, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + x} \]

   if 1.00000000000000004e-10 < x

   1. Initial program 59.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -42000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;x + \mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot 0.075, x, -0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -42000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -42000000000.0)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1e-10) x (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1e-10) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1e-10) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -42000000000.0:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 1e-10:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1e-10)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1e-10)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -42000000000.0], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1e-10], x, N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -4.2e10

   1. Initial program 1.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 3.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -4.2e10 < x < 1.00000000000000004e-10

   1. Initial program 7.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 1.00000000000000004e-10 < x

   1. Initial program 59.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 98.7% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -42000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -42000000000.0)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1.26)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (* x 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-42000000000.0d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= 1.26d0) then
        tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666d0) * (x ** 3.0d0))
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -42000000000.0:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 1.26:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -42000000000.0], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.26], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -4.2e10

   1. Initial program 1.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 3.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -4.2e10 < x < 1.26000000000000001

   1. Initial program 10.6%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 10.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 10.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 10.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 10.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 10.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{2}\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-rgt-in 97.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot x + \left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x} \]

      2. *-lft-identity 97.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} + \left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{2}\right) \cdot x \]

      3. associate-*l* 97.4%

         \[\leadsto x + \color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left({x}^{2} \cdot x\right)} \]

      4. unpow2 97.4%

         \[\leadsto x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)} \cdot x\right) \]

      5. unpow3 97.4%

         \[\leadsto x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{3}} \]

   7. Simplified 97.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

   if 1.26000000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 58.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 95.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 98.1% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -42000000000:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -42000000000.0)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1e-10) x (log (* x 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1e-10) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-42000000000.0d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= 1d-10) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1e-10) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -42000000000.0:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 1e-10:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1e-10)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -42000000000.0)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1e-10)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -42000000000.0], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1e-10], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -4.2e10

   1. Initial program 1.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 1.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 3.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -4.2e10 < x < 1.00000000000000004e-10

   1. Initial program 7.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 1.00000000000000004e-10 < x

   1. Initial program 59.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 59.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 89.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 89.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 89.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 76.3% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x 1.26) x (log (* x 2.0))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= 1.26d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 1.26:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.26], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 1.26000000000000001

   1. Initial program 7.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 8.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 66.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 1.26000000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 58.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 58.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 95.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 95.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 52.3% accurate, 207.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)

C

double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return x

Julia

function code(x)
	return x
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := x

Derivation

1. Initial program 22.3%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 22.3%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

   2. +-commutative 22.3%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

   3. sqr-neg 22.3%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

   4. hypot-1-def 34.7%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

3. Simplified 34.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 48.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Developer target: 29.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\\ \mathbf{if}\;x < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{x - t\_0}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + t\_0\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))
   (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x t_0))) (log (+ x t_0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))
    if (x < 0.0d0) then
        tmp = log(((-1.0d0) / (x - t_0)))
    else
        tmp = log((x + t_0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0
	if x < 0.0:
		tmp = math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + t_0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-1.0 / Float64(x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + t_0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[Less[x, 0.0], N[Log[N[(-1.0 / N[(x - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024103 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arcsine"
  :precision binary64

  :alt
  (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))) (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

  (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))