bug323 (missed optimization)

Percentage Accurate: 6.8% → 10.3%

Time: 17.6s

Alternatives: 7

Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

\[0 \leq x \land x \leq 0.5\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return acos((1.0 - x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.acos((1.0 - x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return acos(Float64(1.0 - x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = acos((1.0 - x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 6.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return acos((1.0 - x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.acos((1.0 - x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return acos(Float64(1.0 - x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = acos((1.0 - x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 10.3% accurate, 0.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{0.5}, \sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (* (sqrt PI) (sqrt 0.5)) (sqrt (* PI 0.5)) (- (asin (- 1.0 x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return fma((sqrt(((double) M_PI)) * sqrt(0.5)), sqrt((((double) M_PI) * 0.5)), -asin((1.0 - x)));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return fma(Float64(sqrt(pi) * sqrt(0.5)), sqrt(Float64(pi * 0.5)), Float64(-asin(Float64(1.0 - x))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Sqrt[Pi], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[0.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + (-N[ArcSin[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision])), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.3%

   \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. acos-asin 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   2. add-sqr-sqrt 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

   3. fma-neg 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}, \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   4. div-inv 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}}}, \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}}, \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   6. div-inv 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, \sqrt{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}}}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, \sqrt{\pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

4. Applied egg-rr 4.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, \sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqrt-prod 9.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}, \sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

6. Applied egg-rr 9.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\pi} \cdot \sqrt{0.5}}, \sqrt{\pi \cdot 0.5}, -\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 10.3% accurate, 0.2× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\ \pi \cdot 0.5 + \sqrt[3]{t\_0} \cdot \left(0 - {t\_0}^{0.6666666666666666}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (asin (- 1.0 x))))
   (+ (* PI 0.5) (* (cbrt t_0) (- 0.0 (pow t_0 0.6666666666666666))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = asin((1.0 - x));
	return (((double) M_PI) * 0.5) + (cbrt(t_0) * (0.0 - pow(t_0, 0.6666666666666666)));
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.asin((1.0 - x));
	return (Math.PI * 0.5) + (Math.cbrt(t_0) * (0.0 - Math.pow(t_0, 0.6666666666666666)));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = asin(Float64(1.0 - x))
	return Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) + Float64(cbrt(t_0) * Float64(0.0 - (t_0 ^ 0.6666666666666666))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcSin[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[t$95$0, 1/3], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.0 - N[Power[t$95$0, 0.6666666666666666], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.3%

   \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. acos-asin 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   3. div-inv 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

4. Applied egg-rr 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

6. Simplified 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

   2. unpow2 4.5%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   3. cbrt-prod 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 9.7%

   \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. pow1/3 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\left({\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}\right)}^{0.3333333333333333}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   2. pow-pow 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{\left(2 \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   3. metadata-eval 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - {\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{\color{blue}{0.6666666666666666}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 9.7%

    \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{0.6666666666666666}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

11. Final simplification 9.7%

    \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 + \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(0 - {\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{0.6666666666666666}\right) \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 9.3% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 5.5 \cdot 10^{-17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\pi - t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{t\_0}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (acos (- 1.0 x))))
   (if (<= x 5.5e-17) (- PI t_0) (log (exp t_0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = acos((1.0 - x));
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17) {
		tmp = ((double) M_PI) - t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = log(exp(t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.acos((1.0 - x));
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17) {
		tmp = Math.PI - t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log(Math.exp(t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.acos((1.0 - x))
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 5.5e-17:
		tmp = math.pi - t_0
	else:
		tmp = math.log(math.exp(t_0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = acos(Float64(1.0 - x))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 5.5e-17)
		tmp = Float64(pi - t_0);
	else
		tmp = log(exp(t_0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = acos((1.0 - x));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17)
		tmp = pi - t_0;
	else
		tmp = log(exp(t_0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, 5.5e-17], N[(Pi - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[Exp[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 5.50000000000000001e-17

   1. Initial program 3.9%

      \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. acos-asin 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

      2. *-un-lft-identity 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      3. add-cube-cbrt 7.4%

         \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2} - \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

      4. prod-diff 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, \frac{\pi}{2}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

      5. div-inv 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. cbrt-unprod 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. pow2 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      2. *-lft-identity 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5} + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. +-commutative 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      4. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} + \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]

      5. distribute-lft-neg-in 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} + \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

   6. Simplified 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, -\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \pi \cdot 0.5\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5} \]

      2. *-commutative 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      3. distribute-lft-neg-in 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      4. cbrt-prod 2.0%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2} \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      5. unpow2 2.0%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{\left(\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      6. add-cbrt-cube 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 0.0%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt{-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      8. sqrt-unprod 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      9. sqr-neg 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      10. sqrt-prod 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      11. add-sqr-sqrt 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      12. +-commutative 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 + \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

      13. asin-acos 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 6.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5 + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-out 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5\right)} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \pi \cdot \color{blue}{1} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      3. *-rgt-identity 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

   10. Simplified 6.5%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   if 5.50000000000000001e-17 < x

   1. Initial program 52.4%

      \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-log-exp 52.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 52.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 10.3% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \pi \cdot 0.5 - {\left(\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{2} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (* PI 0.5) (pow (sqrt (asin (- 1.0 x))) 2.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) * 0.5) - pow(sqrt(asin((1.0 - x))), 2.0);
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI * 0.5) - Math.pow(Math.sqrt(Math.asin((1.0 - x))), 2.0);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (math.pi * 0.5) - math.pow(math.sqrt(math.asin((1.0 - x))), 2.0)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) - (sqrt(asin(Float64(1.0 - x))) ^ 2.0))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (pi * 0.5) - (sqrt(asin((1.0 - x))) ^ 2.0);
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[N[Sqrt[N[ArcSin[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.3%

   \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. acos-asin 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   3. div-inv 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

4. Applied egg-rr 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

6. Simplified 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-sqr-sqrt 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

   2. pow2 9.7%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 9.7%

   \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 10.2% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \pi \cdot 0.5 - {\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{3} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (- (* PI 0.5) (pow (cbrt (asin (- 1.0 x))) 3.0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((double) M_PI) * 0.5) - pow(cbrt(asin((1.0 - x))), 3.0);
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.PI * 0.5) - Math.pow(Math.cbrt(Math.asin((1.0 - x))), 3.0);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) - (cbrt(asin(Float64(1.0 - x))) ^ 3.0))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[N[Power[N[ArcSin[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 1/3], $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.3%

   \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. acos-asin 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   3. div-inv 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

   4. metadata-eval 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5} + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \]

4. Applied egg-rr 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 + \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

6. Simplified 6.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cube-cbrt 9.6%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

   2. pow3 9.6%

      \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{3}} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 9.6%

   \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 - \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)}^{3}} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 9.3% accurate, 0.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 5.5 \cdot 10^{-17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\pi - t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (acos (- 1.0 x)))) (if (<= x 5.5e-17) (- PI t_0) t_0)))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = acos((1.0 - x));
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17) {
		tmp = ((double) M_PI) - t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.acos((1.0 - x));
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17) {
		tmp = Math.PI - t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = t_0;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.acos((1.0 - x))
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 5.5e-17:
		tmp = math.pi - t_0
	else:
		tmp = t_0
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = acos(Float64(1.0 - x))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 5.5e-17)
		tmp = Float64(pi - t_0);
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = acos((1.0 - x));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 5.5e-17)
		tmp = pi - t_0;
	else
		tmp = t_0;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, 5.5e-17], N[(Pi - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision], t$95$0]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 5.50000000000000001e-17

   1. Initial program 3.9%

      \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. acos-asin 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

      2. *-un-lft-identity 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}} - \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      3. add-cube-cbrt 7.4%

         \[\leadsto 1 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2} - \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} \]

      4. prod-diff 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, \frac{\pi}{2}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right)} \]

      5. div-inv 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \frac{1}{2}}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      7. cbrt-unprod 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

      8. pow2 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)\right) \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, \pi \cdot 0.5, -\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      2. *-lft-identity 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5} + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      3. +-commutative 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

      4. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} + \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]

      5. distribute-lft-neg-in 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \left(\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right)} + \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

   6. Simplified 7.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}, -\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}, \pi \cdot 0.5\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-undefine 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5} \]

      2. *-commutative 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      3. distribute-lft-neg-in 7.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right)} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      4. cbrt-prod 2.0%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}^{2} \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      5. unpow2 2.0%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{\left(\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      6. add-cbrt-cube 3.9%

         \[\leadsto \left(-\color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}\right) + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 0.0%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt{-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      8. sqrt-unprod 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      9. sqr-neg 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      10. sqrt-prod 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)}} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      11. add-sqr-sqrt 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} + \pi \cdot 0.5 \]

      12. +-commutative 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot 0.5 + \sin^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

      13. asin-acos 6.5%

          \[\leadsto \pi \cdot 0.5 + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 6.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot 0.5 + \pi \cdot 0.5\right) - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. distribute-lft-out 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi \cdot \left(0.5 + 0.5\right)} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \pi \cdot \color{blue}{1} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

      3. *-rgt-identity 6.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi} - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]

   10. Simplified 6.5%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\pi - \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right)} \]

   if 5.50000000000000001e-17 < x

   1. Initial program 52.4%

      \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
4. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 6.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (acos (- 1.0 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return acos((1.0 - x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = acos((1.0d0 - x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.acos((1.0 - x));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.acos((1.0 - x))

Julia

function code(x)
	return acos(Float64(1.0 - x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = acos((1.0 - x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[ArcCos[N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 6.3%

   \[\cos^{-1} \left(1 - x\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Add Preprocessing

Developer target: 100.0% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 2 \cdot \sin^{-1} \left(\sqrt{\frac{x}{2}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = 2.0d0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0d0)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return 2.0 * Math.asin(Math.sqrt((x / 2.0)));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return 2.0 * math.asin(math.sqrt((x / 2.0)))

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(2.0 * asin(sqrt(Float64(x / 2.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = 2.0 * asin(sqrt((x / 2.0)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(2.0 * N[ArcSin[N[Sqrt[N[(x / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024096 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "bug323 (missed optimization)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (<= 0.0 x) (<= x 0.5))

  :alt
  (* 2.0 (asin (sqrt (/ x 2.0))))

  (acos (- 1.0 x)))