VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)

Percentage Accurate: 6.7% → 99.1%
Time: 31.1s
Alternatives: 6
Speedup: 4.9×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f\\ t_1 := e^{t\_0}\\ t_2 := e^{-t\_0}\\ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 + t\_2}{t\_1 - t\_2}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (t_1 (exp t_0)) (t_2 (exp (- t_0))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0)) (log (/ (+ t_1 t_2) (- t_1 t_2)))))))
double code(double f) {
	double t_0 = (((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f;
	double t_1 = exp(t_0);
	double t_2 = exp(-t_0);
	return -((1.0 / (((double) M_PI) / 4.0)) * log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
}
public static double code(double f) {
	double t_0 = (Math.PI / 4.0) * f;
	double t_1 = Math.exp(t_0);
	double t_2 = Math.exp(-t_0);
	return -((1.0 / (Math.PI / 4.0)) * Math.log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
}
def code(f):
	t_0 = (math.pi / 4.0) * f
	t_1 = math.exp(t_0)
	t_2 = math.exp(-t_0)
	return -((1.0 / (math.pi / 4.0)) * math.log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))))
function code(f)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)
	t_1 = exp(t_0)
	t_2 = exp(Float64(-t_0))
	return Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 / Float64(pi / 4.0)) * log(Float64(Float64(t_1 + t_2) / Float64(t_1 - t_2)))))
end
function tmp = code(f)
	t_0 = (pi / 4.0) * f;
	t_1 = exp(t_0);
	t_2 = exp(-t_0);
	tmp = -((1.0 / (pi / 4.0)) * log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
end
code[f_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[Exp[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[Exp[(-t$95$0)], $MachinePrecision]}, (-N[(N[(1.0 / N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Log[N[(N[(t$95$1 + t$95$2), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$1 - t$95$2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision])]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f\\
t_1 := e^{t\_0}\\
t_2 := e^{-t\_0}\\
-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 + t\_2}{t\_1 - t\_2}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 6 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 6.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f\\ t_1 := e^{t\_0}\\ t_2 := e^{-t\_0}\\ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 + t\_2}{t\_1 - t\_2}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (t_1 (exp t_0)) (t_2 (exp (- t_0))))
   (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0)) (log (/ (+ t_1 t_2) (- t_1 t_2)))))))
double code(double f) {
	double t_0 = (((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f;
	double t_1 = exp(t_0);
	double t_2 = exp(-t_0);
	return -((1.0 / (((double) M_PI) / 4.0)) * log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
}
public static double code(double f) {
	double t_0 = (Math.PI / 4.0) * f;
	double t_1 = Math.exp(t_0);
	double t_2 = Math.exp(-t_0);
	return -((1.0 / (Math.PI / 4.0)) * Math.log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
}
def code(f):
	t_0 = (math.pi / 4.0) * f
	t_1 = math.exp(t_0)
	t_2 = math.exp(-t_0)
	return -((1.0 / (math.pi / 4.0)) * math.log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))))
function code(f)
	t_0 = Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)
	t_1 = exp(t_0)
	t_2 = exp(Float64(-t_0))
	return Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 / Float64(pi / 4.0)) * log(Float64(Float64(t_1 + t_2) / Float64(t_1 - t_2)))))
end
function tmp = code(f)
	t_0 = (pi / 4.0) * f;
	t_1 = exp(t_0);
	t_2 = exp(-t_0);
	tmp = -((1.0 / (pi / 4.0)) * log(((t_1 + t_2) / (t_1 - t_2))));
end
code[f_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[Exp[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[Exp[(-t$95$0)], $MachinePrecision]}, (-N[(N[(1.0 / N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Log[N[(N[(t$95$1 + t$95$2), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$1 - t$95$2), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision])]]]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f\\
t_1 := e^{t\_0}\\
t_2 := e^{-t\_0}\\
-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 + t\_2}{t\_1 - t\_2}\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 99.1% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  -4.0
  (/
   (log
    (+ (/ 1.0 (expm1 (* PI (* f 0.5)))) (/ -1.0 (expm1 (* PI (* f -0.5))))))
   PI)))
double code(double f) {
	return -4.0 * (log(((1.0 / expm1((((double) M_PI) * (f * 0.5)))) + (-1.0 / expm1((((double) M_PI) * (f * -0.5)))))) / ((double) M_PI));
}
public static double code(double f) {
	return -4.0 * (Math.log(((1.0 / Math.expm1((Math.PI * (f * 0.5)))) + (-1.0 / Math.expm1((Math.PI * (f * -0.5)))))) / Math.PI);
}
def code(f):
	return -4.0 * (math.log(((1.0 / math.expm1((math.pi * (f * 0.5)))) + (-1.0 / math.expm1((math.pi * (f * -0.5)))))) / math.pi)
function code(f)
	return Float64(-4.0 * Float64(log(Float64(Float64(1.0 / expm1(Float64(pi * Float64(f * 0.5)))) + Float64(-1.0 / expm1(Float64(pi * Float64(f * -0.5)))))) / pi))
end
code[f_] := N[(-4.0 * N[(N[Log[N[(N[(1.0 / N[(Exp[N[(Pi * N[(f * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / N[(Exp[N[(Pi * N[(f * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 5.7%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Simplified99.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
  3. Add Preprocessing
  4. Taylor expanded in f around inf 5.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{e^{0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1} - \frac{1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)}{\pi}} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. Simplified99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi}} \]
    2. Add Preprocessing

    Alternative 2: 98.4% accurate, 2.3× speedup?

    \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{if}\;f \leq 2.4:\\ \;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(t\_0 + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi} - f \cdot \left(0.5 + \pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.041666666666666664\right)\right)}{f}\right)}{\pi}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log t\_0 \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
    (FPCore (f)
     :precision binary64
     (let* ((t_0 (/ -1.0 (expm1 (* PI (* f -0.5))))))
       (if (<= f 2.4)
         (*
          -4.0
          (/
           (log
            (+
             t_0
             (/
              (-
               (* 2.0 (/ 1.0 PI))
               (* f (+ 0.5 (* PI (* f -0.041666666666666664)))))
              f)))
           PI))
         (* (log t_0) (/ -4.0 PI)))))
    double code(double f) {
    	double t_0 = -1.0 / expm1((((double) M_PI) * (f * -0.5)));
    	double tmp;
    	if (f <= 2.4) {
    		tmp = -4.0 * (log((t_0 + (((2.0 * (1.0 / ((double) M_PI))) - (f * (0.5 + (((double) M_PI) * (f * -0.041666666666666664))))) / f))) / ((double) M_PI));
    	} else {
    		tmp = log(t_0) * (-4.0 / ((double) M_PI));
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    public static double code(double f) {
    	double t_0 = -1.0 / Math.expm1((Math.PI * (f * -0.5)));
    	double tmp;
    	if (f <= 2.4) {
    		tmp = -4.0 * (Math.log((t_0 + (((2.0 * (1.0 / Math.PI)) - (f * (0.5 + (Math.PI * (f * -0.041666666666666664))))) / f))) / Math.PI);
    	} else {
    		tmp = Math.log(t_0) * (-4.0 / Math.PI);
    	}
    	return tmp;
    }
    
    def code(f):
    	t_0 = -1.0 / math.expm1((math.pi * (f * -0.5)))
    	tmp = 0
    	if f <= 2.4:
    		tmp = -4.0 * (math.log((t_0 + (((2.0 * (1.0 / math.pi)) - (f * (0.5 + (math.pi * (f * -0.041666666666666664))))) / f))) / math.pi)
    	else:
    		tmp = math.log(t_0) * (-4.0 / math.pi)
    	return tmp
    
    function code(f)
    	t_0 = Float64(-1.0 / expm1(Float64(pi * Float64(f * -0.5))))
    	tmp = 0.0
    	if (f <= 2.4)
    		tmp = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(log(Float64(t_0 + Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64(1.0 / pi)) - Float64(f * Float64(0.5 + Float64(pi * Float64(f * -0.041666666666666664))))) / f))) / pi));
    	else
    		tmp = Float64(log(t_0) * Float64(-4.0 / pi));
    	end
    	return tmp
    end
    
    code[f_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(-1.0 / N[(Exp[N[(Pi * N[(f * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[f, 2.4], N[(-4.0 * N[(N[Log[N[(t$95$0 + N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(1.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(f * N[(0.5 + N[(Pi * N[(f * -0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / f), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Log[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(-4.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
    
    \begin{array}{l}
    
    \\
    \begin{array}{l}
    t_0 := \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\\
    \mathbf{if}\;f \leq 2.4:\\
    \;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(t\_0 + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi} - f \cdot \left(0.5 + \pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.041666666666666664\right)\right)}{f}\right)}{\pi}\\
    
    \mathbf{else}:\\
    \;\;\;\;\log t\_0 \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}\\
    
    
    \end{array}
    \end{array}
    
    Derivation
    1. Split input into 2 regimes
    2. if f < 2.39999999999999991

      1. Initial program 5.8%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Simplified99.3%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing
      4. Taylor expanded in f around inf 2.9%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{e^{0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1} - \frac{1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)}{\pi}} \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. Simplified99.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi}} \]
        2. Taylor expanded in f around 0 99.3%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
        3. Step-by-step derivation
          1. distribute-lft-in99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi\right) + f \cdot \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          2. *-commutative99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot -0.125\right)} + f \cdot \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          3. *-commutative99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125\right) + f \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)}\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
        4. Applied egg-rr99.3%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125\right) + f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
        5. Step-by-step derivation
          1. distribute-lft-out99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125 + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          2. *-commutative99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(\color{blue}{-0.125 \cdot \pi} + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          3. *-commutative99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + \color{blue}{0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi}\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          4. *-commutative99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          5. distribute-rgt-out99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \left(-0.125 + 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)} \cdot f\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          6. metadata-eval99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{-0.041666666666666664}\right) \cdot f\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
          7. associate-*l*99.3%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \left(-0.041666666666666664 \cdot f\right)\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]
        6. Simplified99.3%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \left(-0.041666666666666664 \cdot f\right)\right)} - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi} \]

        if 2.39999999999999991 < f

        1. Initial program 3.0%

          \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
        2. Simplified90.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
        3. Add Preprocessing
        4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 4.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2}{f \cdot \pi}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        5. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-commutative4.0%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{2}{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        6. Simplified4.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2}{\pi \cdot f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        7. Taylor expanded in f around inf 89.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\frac{1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        8. Step-by-step derivation
          1. distribute-neg-frac89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          2. metadata-eval89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          3. expm1-define89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)\right)}}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          4. associate-*r*89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          5. *-commutative89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\color{blue}{\pi \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot f\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          6. *-commutative89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\left(f \cdot -0.5\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        9. Simplified89.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
      6. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      7. Final simplification99.0%

        \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;f \leq 2.4:\\ \;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)} + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi} - f \cdot \left(0.5 + \pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.041666666666666664\right)\right)}{f}\right)}{\pi}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}\\ \end{array} \]
      8. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 3: 97.9% accurate, 2.5× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;f \leq 1:\\ \;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f)
       :precision binary64
       (if (<= f 1.0)
         (* -4.0 (/ (+ (log (/ 1.0 f)) (log (/ 4.0 PI))) PI))
         (* (log (/ -1.0 (expm1 (* PI (* f -0.5))))) (/ -4.0 PI))))
      double code(double f) {
      	double tmp;
      	if (f <= 1.0) {
      		tmp = -4.0 * ((log((1.0 / f)) + log((4.0 / ((double) M_PI)))) / ((double) M_PI));
      	} else {
      		tmp = log((-1.0 / expm1((((double) M_PI) * (f * -0.5))))) * (-4.0 / ((double) M_PI));
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      public static double code(double f) {
      	double tmp;
      	if (f <= 1.0) {
      		tmp = -4.0 * ((Math.log((1.0 / f)) + Math.log((4.0 / Math.PI))) / Math.PI);
      	} else {
      		tmp = Math.log((-1.0 / Math.expm1((Math.PI * (f * -0.5))))) * (-4.0 / Math.PI);
      	}
      	return tmp;
      }
      
      def code(f):
      	tmp = 0
      	if f <= 1.0:
      		tmp = -4.0 * ((math.log((1.0 / f)) + math.log((4.0 / math.pi))) / math.pi)
      	else:
      		tmp = math.log((-1.0 / math.expm1((math.pi * (f * -0.5))))) * (-4.0 / math.pi)
      	return tmp
      
      function code(f)
      	tmp = 0.0
      	if (f <= 1.0)
      		tmp = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(Float64(log(Float64(1.0 / f)) + log(Float64(4.0 / pi))) / pi));
      	else
      		tmp = Float64(log(Float64(-1.0 / expm1(Float64(pi * Float64(f * -0.5))))) * Float64(-4.0 / pi));
      	end
      	return tmp
      end
      
      code[f_] := If[LessEqual[f, 1.0], N[(-4.0 * N[(N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 / f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Log[N[(4.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Log[N[(-1.0 / N[(Exp[N[(Pi * N[(f * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(-4.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \begin{array}{l}
      \mathbf{if}\;f \leq 1:\\
      \;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}\\
      
      \mathbf{else}:\\
      \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}\\
      
      
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Split input into 2 regimes
      2. if f < 1

        1. Initial program 5.8%

          \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
        2. Simplified99.3%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
        3. Add Preprocessing
        4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 99.1%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + -1 \cdot \log f}{\pi}} \]
        5. Step-by-step derivation
          1. mul-1-neg99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-\log f\right)}}{\pi} \]
          2. unsub-neg99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}}{\pi} \]
        6. Simplified99.1%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}} \]
        7. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-un-lft-identity99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}\right)} \]
          2. diff-log99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \left(1 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}}{\pi}\right) \]
        8. Applied egg-rr99.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}\right)} \]
        9. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-lft-identity99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
          2. associate-/l/99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{4}{f \cdot \pi}\right)}}{\pi} \]
          3. *-commutative99.1%

            \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot f}}\right)}{\pi} \]
        10. Simplified99.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
        11. Taylor expanded in f around inf 99.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}} \]

        if 1 < f

        1. Initial program 3.0%

          \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
        2. Simplified90.5%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
        3. Add Preprocessing
        4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 4.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2}{f \cdot \pi}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        5. Step-by-step derivation
          1. *-commutative4.0%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{2}{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        6. Simplified4.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{2}{\pi \cdot f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        7. Taylor expanded in f around inf 89.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\frac{1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        8. Step-by-step derivation
          1. distribute-neg-frac89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-1}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          2. metadata-eval89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)} - 1}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          3. expm1-define89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(-0.5 \cdot \left(f \cdot \pi\right)\right)}}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          4. associate-*r*89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\color{blue}{\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          5. *-commutative89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\color{blue}{\pi \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot f\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
          6. *-commutative89.9%

            \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\left(f \cdot -0.5\right)}\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
        9. Simplified89.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\pi \cdot \left(f \cdot -0.5\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
      3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
      4. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 4: 95.6% accurate, 2.5× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f)
       :precision binary64
       (* -4.0 (/ (+ (log (/ 1.0 f)) (log (/ 4.0 PI))) PI)))
      double code(double f) {
      	return -4.0 * ((log((1.0 / f)) + log((4.0 / ((double) M_PI)))) / ((double) M_PI));
      }
      
      public static double code(double f) {
      	return -4.0 * ((Math.log((1.0 / f)) + Math.log((4.0 / Math.PI))) / Math.PI);
      }
      
      def code(f):
      	return -4.0 * ((math.log((1.0 / f)) + math.log((4.0 / math.pi))) / math.pi)
      
      function code(f)
      	return Float64(-4.0 * Float64(Float64(log(Float64(1.0 / f)) + log(Float64(4.0 / pi))) / pi))
      end
      
      function tmp = code(f)
      	tmp = -4.0 * ((log((1.0 / f)) + log((4.0 / pi))) / pi);
      end
      
      code[f_] := N[(-4.0 * N[(N[(N[Log[N[(1.0 / f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Log[N[(4.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 5.7%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Simplified99.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing
      4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 96.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + -1 \cdot \log f}{\pi}} \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. mul-1-neg96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-\log f\right)}}{\pi} \]
        2. unsub-neg96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}}{\pi} \]
      6. Simplified96.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}} \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-un-lft-identity96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}\right)} \]
        2. diff-log96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \left(1 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}}{\pi}\right) \]
      8. Applied egg-rr96.1%

        \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}\right)} \]
      9. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-lft-identity96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
        2. associate-/l/96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{4}{f \cdot \pi}\right)}}{\pi} \]
        3. *-commutative96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot f}}\right)}{\pi} \]
      10. Simplified96.1%

        \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
      11. Taylor expanded in f around inf 96.1%

        \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{1}{f}\right) + \log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}} \]
      12. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 5: 96.0% accurate, 3.6× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125 + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\\ t_1 := 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}\\ \frac{-4}{\pi} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 - f \cdot \left(0.5 + t\_0\right)}{f} + \frac{t\_1 + f \cdot \left(0.5 - t\_0\right)}{f}\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f)
       :precision binary64
       (let* ((t_0 (* f (+ (* PI -0.125) (* PI 0.08333333333333333))))
              (t_1 (* 2.0 (/ 1.0 PI))))
         (*
          (/ -4.0 PI)
          (log
           (+ (/ (- t_1 (* f (+ 0.5 t_0))) f) (/ (+ t_1 (* f (- 0.5 t_0))) f))))))
      double code(double f) {
      	double t_0 = f * ((((double) M_PI) * -0.125) + (((double) M_PI) * 0.08333333333333333));
      	double t_1 = 2.0 * (1.0 / ((double) M_PI));
      	return (-4.0 / ((double) M_PI)) * log((((t_1 - (f * (0.5 + t_0))) / f) + ((t_1 + (f * (0.5 - t_0))) / f)));
      }
      
      public static double code(double f) {
      	double t_0 = f * ((Math.PI * -0.125) + (Math.PI * 0.08333333333333333));
      	double t_1 = 2.0 * (1.0 / Math.PI);
      	return (-4.0 / Math.PI) * Math.log((((t_1 - (f * (0.5 + t_0))) / f) + ((t_1 + (f * (0.5 - t_0))) / f)));
      }
      
      def code(f):
      	t_0 = f * ((math.pi * -0.125) + (math.pi * 0.08333333333333333))
      	t_1 = 2.0 * (1.0 / math.pi)
      	return (-4.0 / math.pi) * math.log((((t_1 - (f * (0.5 + t_0))) / f) + ((t_1 + (f * (0.5 - t_0))) / f)))
      
      function code(f)
      	t_0 = Float64(f * Float64(Float64(pi * -0.125) + Float64(pi * 0.08333333333333333)))
      	t_1 = Float64(2.0 * Float64(1.0 / pi))
      	return Float64(Float64(-4.0 / pi) * log(Float64(Float64(Float64(t_1 - Float64(f * Float64(0.5 + t_0))) / f) + Float64(Float64(t_1 + Float64(f * Float64(0.5 - t_0))) / f))))
      end
      
      function tmp = code(f)
      	t_0 = f * ((pi * -0.125) + (pi * 0.08333333333333333));
      	t_1 = 2.0 * (1.0 / pi);
      	tmp = (-4.0 / pi) * log((((t_1 - (f * (0.5 + t_0))) / f) + ((t_1 + (f * (0.5 - t_0))) / f)));
      end
      
      code[f_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(f * N[(N[(Pi * -0.125), $MachinePrecision] + N[(Pi * 0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(2.0 * N[(1.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(-4.0 / Pi), $MachinePrecision] * N[Log[N[(N[(N[(t$95$1 - N[(f * N[(0.5 + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / f), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(t$95$1 + N[(f * N[(0.5 - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / f), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      \begin{array}{l}
      t_0 := f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125 + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\\
      t_1 := 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}\\
      \frac{-4}{\pi} \cdot \log \left(\frac{t\_1 - f \cdot \left(0.5 + t\_0\right)}{f} + \frac{t\_1 + f \cdot \left(0.5 - t\_0\right)}{f}\right)
      \end{array}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 5.7%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Simplified99.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing
      4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 96.1%

        \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f}} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
      5. Taylor expanded in f around 0 96.1%

        \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{f \cdot \left(-1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right) - 0.5\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f} + \color{blue}{\frac{f \cdot \left(0.5 + -1 \cdot \left(f \cdot \left(-0.125 \cdot \pi + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi}}{f}}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
      6. Final simplification96.1%

        \[\leadsto \frac{-4}{\pi} \cdot \log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi} - f \cdot \left(0.5 + f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125 + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)}{f} + \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{\pi} + f \cdot \left(0.5 - f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot -0.125 + \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)}{f}\right) \]
      7. Add Preprocessing

      Alternative 6: 95.5% accurate, 4.9× speedup?

      \[\begin{array}{l} \\ -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)}{\pi} \end{array} \]
      (FPCore (f) :precision binary64 (* -4.0 (/ (log (/ 4.0 (* PI f))) PI)))
      double code(double f) {
      	return -4.0 * (log((4.0 / (((double) M_PI) * f))) / ((double) M_PI));
      }
      
      public static double code(double f) {
      	return -4.0 * (Math.log((4.0 / (Math.PI * f))) / Math.PI);
      }
      
      def code(f):
      	return -4.0 * (math.log((4.0 / (math.pi * f))) / math.pi)
      
      function code(f)
      	return Float64(-4.0 * Float64(log(Float64(4.0 / Float64(pi * f))) / pi))
      end
      
      function tmp = code(f)
      	tmp = -4.0 * (log((4.0 / (pi * f))) / pi);
      end
      
      code[f_] := N[(-4.0 * N[(N[Log[N[(4.0 / N[(Pi * f), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
      
      \begin{array}{l}
      
      \\
      -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)}{\pi}
      \end{array}
      
      Derivation
      1. Initial program 5.7%

        \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
      2. Simplified99.0%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(\pi \cdot f\right) \cdot 0.5\right)} + \frac{-1}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\left(-0.5 \cdot f\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi}} \]
      3. Add Preprocessing
      4. Taylor expanded in f around 0 96.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + -1 \cdot \log f}{\pi}} \]
      5. Step-by-step derivation
        1. mul-1-neg96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(-\log f\right)}}{\pi} \]
        2. unsub-neg96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}}{\pi} \]
      6. Simplified96.1%

        \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}} \]
      7. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-un-lft-identity96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi}\right) - \log f}{\pi}\right)} \]
        2. diff-log96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \left(1 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}}{\pi}\right) \]
      8. Applied egg-rr96.1%

        \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}\right)} \]
      9. Step-by-step derivation
        1. *-lft-identity96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
        2. associate-/l/96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{4}{f \cdot \pi}\right)}}{\pi} \]
        3. *-commutative96.1%

          \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\pi \cdot f}}\right)}{\pi} \]
      10. Simplified96.1%

        \[\leadsto -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)}{\pi}} \]
      11. Add Preprocessing

      Reproduce

      ?
      herbie shell --seed 2024091 
      (FPCore (f)
        :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)"
        :precision binary64
        (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0)) (log (/ (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))) (- (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))))))))