2log (problem 3.3.6)

Percentage Accurate: 23.5% → 99.8%

Time: 8.7s

Alternatives: 5

Speedup: 68.3×

Specification

\[N > 1 \land N < 10^{+40}\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))

C

double code(double N) {
	return log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = log((n + 1.0d0)) - log(n)
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log((N + 1.0)) - Math.log(N);
}

Python

def code(N):
	return math.log((N + 1.0)) - math.log(N)

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(log(Float64(N + 1.0)) - log(N))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(N[Log[N[(N + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 23.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))

C

double code(double N) {
	return log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = log((n + 1.0d0)) - log(n)
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log((N + 1.0)) - Math.log(N);
}

Python

def code(N):
	return math.log((N + 1.0)) - math.log(N)

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(log(Float64(N + 1.0)) - log(N))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = log((N + 1.0)) - log(N);
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(N[Log[N[(N + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Log[N], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.8% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (log1p (/ 1.0 N)))

C

double code(double N) {
	return log1p((1.0 / N));
}

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log1p((1.0 / N));
}

Python

def code(N):
	return math.log1p((1.0 / N))

Julia

function code(N)
	return log1p(Float64(1.0 / N))
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[Log[1 + N[(1.0 / N), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 25.1%

   \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. diff-log 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 28.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lft-identity 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(N + 1\right)}}{N}\right) \]

   2. associate-*l/ 27.8%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(N + 1\right)\right)} \]

   3. distribute-lft-in 27.8%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{N} \cdot N + \frac{1}{N} \cdot 1\right)} \]

   4. lft-mult-inverse 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \frac{1}{N} \cdot 1\right) \]

   5. *-rgt-identity 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}}\right) \]

   6. log1p-define 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

6. Simplified 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

7. Final simplification 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 96.3% accurate, 13.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 - \frac{-0.3333333333333333 + \frac{0.25}{N}}{N}}{N}}{N} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (+ 1.0 (/ (- -0.5 (/ (+ -0.3333333333333333 (/ 0.25 N)) N)) N)) N))

C

double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 - ((-0.3333333333333333 + (0.25 / N)) / N)) / N)) / N;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = (1.0d0 + (((-0.5d0) - (((-0.3333333333333333d0) + (0.25d0 / n)) / n)) / n)) / n
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 - ((-0.3333333333333333 + (0.25 / N)) / N)) / N)) / N;
}

Python

def code(N):
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 - ((-0.3333333333333333 + (0.25 / N)) / N)) / N)) / N

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(-0.5 - Float64(Float64(-0.3333333333333333 + Float64(0.25 / N)) / N)) / N)) / N)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = (1.0 + ((-0.5 - ((-0.3333333333333333 + (0.25 / N)) / N)) / N)) / N;
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(N[(1.0 + N[(N[(-0.5 - N[(N[(-0.3333333333333333 + N[(0.25 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 25.1%

   \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
2. Add Preprocessing
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. diff-log 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 28.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-lft-identity 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \left(N + 1\right)}}{N}\right) \]

   2. associate-*l/ 27.8%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(N + 1\right)\right)} \]

   3. distribute-lft-in 27.8%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{N} \cdot N + \frac{1}{N} \cdot 1\right)} \]

   4. lft-mult-inverse 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{1} + \frac{1}{N} \cdot 1\right) \]

   5. *-rgt-identity 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}}\right) \]

   6. log1p-define 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

6. Simplified 99.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-sqr-sqrt 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}} \]

   2. pow2 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}\right)}^{2}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)}} \]

   2. add-sqr-sqrt 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

   3. log1p-undefine 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

   4. flip-+ 28.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1 \cdot 1 - \frac{1}{N} \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{1 - \frac{1}{N}}\right)} \]

   5. log-div 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(1 \cdot 1 - \frac{1}{N} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]

   6. metadata-eval 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{1} - \frac{1}{N} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

   7. inv-pow 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{N}^{-1}} \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

   8. inv-pow 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(1 - {N}^{-1} \cdot \color{blue}{{N}^{-1}}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

   9. pow-prod-up 28.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(1 - \color{blue}{{N}^{\left(-1 + -1\right)}}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

   10. metadata-eval 28.6%

       \[\leadsto \log \left(1 - {N}^{\color{blue}{-2}}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

10. Applied egg-rr 28.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(1 - {N}^{-2}\right) - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right)} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. sub-neg 28.6%

       \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-{N}^{-2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

    2. log1p-define 28.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right)} - \log \left(1 - \frac{1}{N}\right) \]

    3. sub-neg 28.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-\frac{1}{N}\right)\right)} \]

    4. distribute-frac-neg2 28.0%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{-N}}\right) \]

    5. log1p-define 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{-N}\right)} \]

    6. distribute-frac-neg2 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{-\frac{1}{N}}\right) \]

    7. distribute-neg-frac 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\frac{-1}{N}}\right) \]

    8. metadata-eval 99.7%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{\color{blue}{-1}}{N}\right) \]

12. Simplified 99.7%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{N}^{-2}\right) - \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{-1}{N}\right)} \]

13. Taylor expanded in N around inf 96.3%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{0.3333333333333333}{{N}^{2}}\right) - \left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N} + 0.25 \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}}\right)}{N}} \]

15. Simplified 96.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 - \frac{-0.3333333333333333 + \frac{0.25}{N}}{N}}{N}}{N}} \]

16. Final simplification 96.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 - \frac{-0.3333333333333333 + \frac{0.25}{N}}{N}}{N}}{N} \]
17. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 95.0% accurate, 18.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N}}{N} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (+ 1.0 (/ (+ -0.5 (/ 0.3333333333333333 N)) N)) N))

C

double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 + (0.3333333333333333 / N)) / N)) / N;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = (1.0d0 + (((-0.5d0) + (0.3333333333333333d0 / n)) / n)) / n
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 + (0.3333333333333333 / N)) / N)) / N;
}

Python

def code(N):
	return (1.0 + ((-0.5 + (0.3333333333333333 / N)) / N)) / N

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(-0.5 + Float64(0.3333333333333333 / N)) / N)) / N)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = (1.0 + ((-0.5 + (0.3333333333333333 / N)) / N)) / N;
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(N[(1.0 + N[(N[(-0.5 + N[(0.3333333333333333 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 25.1%

   \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in N around inf 94.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(1 + \frac{0.3333333333333333}{{N}^{2}}\right) - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate--l+ 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(\frac{0.3333333333333333}{{N}^{2}} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}}{N} \]

   2. unpow2 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\frac{0.3333333333333333}{\color{blue}{N \cdot N}} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}{N} \]

   3. associate-/r* 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N}} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}{N} \]

   4. metadata-eval 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333 \cdot 1}}{N}}{N} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}{N} \]

   5. associate-*r/ 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}}{N} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}\right)}{N} \]

   6. associate-*r/ 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\frac{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N} - \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{N}}\right)}{N} \]

   7. metadata-eval 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \left(\frac{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N} - \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{N}\right)}{N} \]

   8. div-sub 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N} - 0.5}{N}}}{N} \]

   9. sub-neg 95.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \left(-0.5\right)}}{N}}{N} \]

   10. metadata-eval 95.0%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N} + \color{blue}{-0.5}}{N}}{N} \]

   11. +-commutative 95.0%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{\color{blue}{-0.5 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}}{N}}{N} \]

   12. associate-*r/ 95.0%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 + \color{blue}{\frac{0.3333333333333333 \cdot 1}{N}}}{N}}{N} \]

   13. metadata-eval 95.0%

       \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 + \frac{\color{blue}{0.3333333333333333}}{N}}{N}}{N} \]

5. Simplified 95.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N}}{N}} \]

6. Final simplification 95.0%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1 + \frac{-0.5 + \frac{0.3333333333333333}{N}}{N}}{N} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 92.4% accurate, 29.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (/ (- 1.0 (/ 0.5 N)) N))

C

double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = (1.0d0 - (0.5d0 / n)) / n
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
}

Python

def code(N):
	return (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 - Float64(0.5 / N)) / N)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = (1.0 - (0.5 / N)) / N;
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(N[(1.0 - N[(0.5 / N), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 25.1%

   \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in N around inf 92.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{N}}{N}} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 92.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{N}}}{N} \]

   2. metadata-eval 92.6%

      \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{N}}{N} \]

5. Simplified 92.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N}} \]

6. Final simplification 92.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1 - \frac{0.5}{N}}{N} \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 84.7% accurate, 68.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{1}{N} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 N))

C

double code(double N) {
	return 1.0 / N;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(n)
    real(8), intent (in) :: n
    code = 1.0d0 / n
end function

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return 1.0 / N;
}

Python

def code(N):
	return 1.0 / N

Julia

function code(N)
	return Float64(1.0 / N)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(N)
	tmp = 1.0 / N;
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[(1.0 / N), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 25.1%

   \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in N around inf 83.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{N}} \]

4. Final simplification 83.6%

   \[\leadsto \frac{1}{N} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Developer target: 99.8% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{log1p}\left(\frac{1}{N}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (N) :precision binary64 (log1p (/ 1.0 N)))

C

double code(double N) {
	return log1p((1.0 / N));
}

Java

public static double code(double N) {
	return Math.log1p((1.0 / N));
}

Python

def code(N):
	return math.log1p((1.0 / N))

Julia

function code(N)
	return log1p(Float64(1.0 / N))
end

Wolfram

code[N_] := N[Log[1 + N[(1.0 / N), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024080 
(FPCore (N)
  :name "2log (problem 3.3.6)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (> N 1.0) (< N 1e+40))

  :alt
  (log1p (/ 1.0 N))

  (- (log (+ N 1.0)) (log N)))