Eccentricity of an ellipse

Percentage Accurate: 77.1% → 100.0%

Time: 7.2s

Alternatives: 4

Speedup: 211.0×

Specification

\[\left(0 \leq b \land b \leq a\right) \land a \leq 1\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (fabs (/ (- (* a a) (* b b)) (* a a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return sqrt(fabs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = sqrt(abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return Math.sqrt(Math.abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return math.sqrt(math.fabs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))))

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return sqrt(abs(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) - Float64(b * b)) / Float64(a * a))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = sqrt(abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[Sqrt[N[Abs[N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] - N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 77.1% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (fabs (/ (- (* a a) (* b b)) (* a a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return sqrt(fabs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = sqrt(abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return Math.sqrt(Math.abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return math.sqrt(math.fabs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))))

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return sqrt(abs(Float64(Float64(Float64(a * a) - Float64(b * b)) / Float64(a * a))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = sqrt(abs((((a * a) - (b * b)) / (a * a))));
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[Sqrt[N[Abs[N[(N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] - N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 + \left(1 - \left(1 + {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b)
 :precision binary64
 (sqrt (+ 1.0 (- 1.0 (+ 1.0 (pow (/ b a) 2.0))))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 - (1.0 + pow((b / a), 2.0)))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = sqrt((1.0d0 + (1.0d0 - (1.0d0 + ((b / a) ** 2.0d0)))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return Math.sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 - (1.0 + Math.pow((b / a), 2.0)))));
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return math.sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 - (1.0 + math.pow((b / a), 2.0)))))

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return sqrt(Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 - Float64(1.0 + (Float64(b / a) ^ 2.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = sqrt((1.0 + (1.0 - (1.0 + ((b / a) ^ 2.0)))));
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 - N[(1.0 + N[Power[N[(b / a), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 75.4%

   \[\sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]

   2. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   3. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   4. fabs-sub 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   5. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}\right|}} \]

   6. distribute-rgt-neg-out 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{-\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   7. fabs-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\color{blue}{\left|\left(-a\right) \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   8. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|\frac{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-a\right) \cdot a}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   10. +-commutative 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + b \cdot b}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   11. sqr-neg 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   12. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a - b \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

3. Simplified 76.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left|1 - b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a}\right|}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fabs-sub 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} - 1\right|}} \]

   2. sub-neg 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \left(-1\right)}\right|} \]

   3. metadata-eval 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \color{blue}{-1}\right|} \]

   4. associate-*r/ 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}} + -1\right|} \]

   5. frac-times 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}} + -1\right|} \]

   6. fma-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)}\right|} \]

   7. add-exp-log 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}\right)}} \]

   8. add-sqr-sqrt 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

   9. log-prod 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

   2. log1p-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   3. +-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   4. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]

   5. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   6. exp-to-pow 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \]

   7. unpow1/2 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)}} \]

   8. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(--1\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{1}} \]

   10. +-commutative 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]

   11. sub-neg 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

8. Simplified 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-rgt-identity 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 0\right)}} \]

   2. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(1 - 1\right)}\right)} \]

   3. associate--l+ 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]

11. Final simplification 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 + \left(1 - \left(1 + {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]
12. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 100.0% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - \frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (sqrt (- 1.0 (/ (/ b a) (/ a b)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return sqrt((1.0 - ((b / a) / (a / b))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = sqrt((1.0d0 - ((b / a) / (a / b))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return Math.sqrt((1.0 - ((b / a) / (a / b))));
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return math.sqrt((1.0 - ((b / a) / (a / b))))

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(Float64(b / a) / Float64(a / b))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = sqrt((1.0 - ((b / a) / (a / b))));
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(N[(b / a), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 75.4%

   \[\sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]

   2. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   3. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   4. fabs-sub 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   5. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}\right|}} \]

   6. distribute-rgt-neg-out 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{-\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   7. fabs-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\color{blue}{\left|\left(-a\right) \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   8. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|\frac{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-a\right) \cdot a}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   10. +-commutative 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + b \cdot b}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   11. sqr-neg 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   12. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a - b \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

3. Simplified 76.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left|1 - b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a}\right|}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fabs-sub 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} - 1\right|}} \]

   2. sub-neg 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \left(-1\right)}\right|} \]

   3. metadata-eval 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \color{blue}{-1}\right|} \]

   4. associate-*r/ 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}} + -1\right|} \]

   5. frac-times 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}} + -1\right|} \]

   6. fma-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)}\right|} \]

   7. add-exp-log 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}\right)}} \]

   8. add-sqr-sqrt 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

   9. log-prod 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

   2. log1p-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   3. +-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   4. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]

   5. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   6. exp-to-pow 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \]

   7. unpow1/2 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)}} \]

   8. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(--1\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{1}} \]

   10. +-commutative 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]

   11. sub-neg 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

8. Simplified 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-rgt-identity 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 0\right)}} \]

   2. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(1 - 1\right)}\right)} \]

   3. associate--l+ 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. associate--l+ 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \left(1 - 1\right)\right)}} \]

    2. metadata-eval 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \color{blue}{0}\right)} \]

    3. +-rgt-identity 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

    4. unpow2 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}}} \]

    5. clear-num 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \frac{b}{a} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]

    6. un-div-inv 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]

12. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]

13. Final simplification 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}} \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 100.0% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{1 - b \cdot \frac{\frac{b}{a}}{a}} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (sqrt (- 1.0 (* b (/ (/ b a) a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return sqrt((1.0 - (b * ((b / a) / a))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = sqrt((1.0d0 - (b * ((b / a) / a))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return Math.sqrt((1.0 - (b * ((b / a) / a))));
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return math.sqrt((1.0 - (b * ((b / a) / a))))

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(b * Float64(Float64(b / a) / a))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = sqrt((1.0 - (b * ((b / a) / a))));
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(b * N[(N[(b / a), $MachinePrecision] / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 75.4%

   \[\sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]

   2. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   3. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   4. fabs-sub 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   5. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}\right|}} \]

   6. distribute-rgt-neg-out 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{-\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   7. fabs-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\color{blue}{\left|\left(-a\right) \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   8. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|\frac{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-a\right) \cdot a}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   10. +-commutative 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + b \cdot b}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   11. sqr-neg 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   12. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a - b \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

3. Simplified 76.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left|1 - b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a}\right|}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fabs-sub 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} - 1\right|}} \]

   2. sub-neg 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \left(-1\right)}\right|} \]

   3. metadata-eval 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \color{blue}{-1}\right|} \]

   4. associate-*r/ 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}} + -1\right|} \]

   5. frac-times 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}} + -1\right|} \]

   6. fma-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)}\right|} \]

   7. add-exp-log 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}\right)}} \]

   8. add-sqr-sqrt 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

   9. log-prod 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

   2. log1p-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   3. +-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   4. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]

   5. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   6. exp-to-pow 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \]

   7. unpow1/2 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)}} \]

   8. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(--1\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{1}} \]

   10. +-commutative 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]

   11. sub-neg 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

8. Simplified 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-rgt-identity 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 0\right)}} \]

   2. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(1 - 1\right)}\right)} \]

   3. associate--l+ 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + 1\right) - 1\right)}} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. associate--l+ 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \left(1 - 1\right)\right)}} \]

    2. metadata-eval 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + \color{blue}{0}\right)} \]

    3. +-rgt-identity 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

    4. unpow2 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}}} \]

    5. clear-num 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \frac{b}{a} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]

    6. un-div-inv 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]

12. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\frac{a}{b}}}} \]
13. Step-by-step derivation

    1. frac-2neg 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \frac{\frac{b}{a}}{\color{blue}{\frac{-a}{-b}}}} \]

    2. associate-/r/ 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{-a} \cdot \left(-b\right)}} \]

14. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{b}{a}}{-a} \cdot \left(-b\right)}} \]

15. Final simplification 100.0%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{1 - b \cdot \frac{\frac{b}{a}}{a}} \]
16. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 97.9% accurate, 211.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 1 \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 1.0)

C

double code(double a, double b) {
	return 1.0;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    code = 1.0d0
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b) {
	return 1.0;
}

Python

def code(a, b):
	return 1.0

Julia

function code(a, b)
	return 1.0
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b)
	tmp = 1.0;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_] := 1.0

Derivation

1. Initial program 75.4%

   \[\sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{a \cdot a - \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{a \cdot a}\right|} \]

   2. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   3. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|a \cdot a - \color{blue}{b \cdot b}\right|}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   4. fabs-sub 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}}{\left|a \cdot a\right|}} \]

   5. sqr-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(-a\right)}\right|}} \]

   6. distribute-rgt-neg-out 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\left|\color{blue}{-\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   7. fabs-neg 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\frac{\left|b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right|}{\color{blue}{\left|\left(-a\right) \cdot a\right|}}} \]

   8. fabs-div 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|\frac{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-a\right) \cdot a}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   10. +-commutative 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + b \cdot b}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   11. sqr-neg 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\left(-a\right) \cdot a + \color{blue}{\left(-b\right) \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

   12. cancel-sign-sub-inv 75.4%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\frac{\color{blue}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a - b \cdot \left(-b\right)}}{\left(-a\right) \cdot a}\right|} \]

3. Simplified 76.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left|1 - b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a}\right|}} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fabs-sub 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} - 1\right|}} \]

   2. sub-neg 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \left(-1\right)}\right|} \]

   3. metadata-eval 76.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|b \cdot \frac{b}{a \cdot a} + \color{blue}{-1}\right|} \]

   4. associate-*r/ 75.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b \cdot b}{a \cdot a}} + -1\right|} \]

   5. frac-times 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\frac{b}{a} \cdot \frac{b}{a}} + -1\right|} \]

   6. fma-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left|\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)}\right|} \]

   7. add-exp-log 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}\right)}} \]

   8. add-sqr-sqrt 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}} \cdot \sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

   9. log-prod 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{\sqrt{\left|\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{b}{a}, \frac{b}{a}, -1\right)\right|}}\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{0.5 \cdot \mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) \cdot 0.5}} \]

   2. log1p-undefine 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   3. +-commutative 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + 1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   4. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)}\right) \cdot 0.5} \]

   5. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \]

   6. exp-to-pow 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \]

   7. unpow1/2 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\left({\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2} + -1\right)}} \]

   8. distribute-neg-in 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \left(--1\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right) + \color{blue}{1}} \]

   10. +-commutative 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-{\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]

   11. sub-neg 100.0%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

8. Simplified 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - {\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)}^{2}}} \]

9. Taylor expanded in b around 0 98.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \]

10. Final simplification 98.4%

    \[\leadsto 1 \]
11. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024071 
(FPCore (a b)
  :name "Eccentricity of an ellipse"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (and (<= 0.0 b) (<= b a)) (<= a 1.0))
  (sqrt (fabs (/ (- (* a a) (* b b)) (* a a)))))