Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_y

Percentage Accurate: 57.8% → 98.3%

Time: 14.4s

Alternatives: 9

Speedup: 2.9×

Specification

\[\left(\left(cosTheta\_i > 0.9999 \land cosTheta\_i \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u1 \land u1 \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq u2 \land u2 \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))) * sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))) * sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2));
end

Initial Program: 57.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-logf((1.0f - u1))) * sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(1.0) - u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sqrt(-log((single(1.0) - u1))) * sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2));
end

Alternative 1: 98.3% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}^{3} \cdot {u2}^{3}}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1))))
  (sin (cbrt (* (pow (* 2.0 PI) 3.0) (pow u2 3.0))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * sinf(cbrtf((powf((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)), 3.0f) * powf(u2, 3.0f))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * sin(cbrt(Float32((Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) ^ Float32(3.0)) * (u2 ^ Float32(3.0))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 55.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. log1p-define 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

3. Simplified 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}} \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. add-cbrt-cube 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot u2}}\right) \]

   3. cbrt-unprod 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot u2\right)}\right)} \]

   4. pow3 98.4%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\sqrt[3]{\color{blue}{{\left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}^{3}} \cdot \left(\left(u2 \cdot u2\right) \cdot u2\right)}\right) \]

   5. pow3 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}^{3} \cdot \color{blue}{{u2}^{3}}}\right) \]

6. Applied egg-rr 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}^{3} \cdot {u2}^{3}}\right)} \]

7. Final simplification 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\sqrt[3]{{\left(2 \cdot \pi\right)}^{3} \cdot {u2}^{3}}\right) \]
8. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 98.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 55.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. log1p-define 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

3. Simplified 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Final simplification 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
6. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 94.2% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.001449999981559813:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot -0.5\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (* (* 2.0 PI) u2)))
   (if (<= t_0 0.001449999981559813)
     (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (* 2.0 (* PI u2)))
     (* (sin t_0) (sqrt (* u1 (- 1.0 (* u1 -0.5))))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2;
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.001449999981559813f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (2.0f * (((float) M_PI) * u2));
	} else {
		tmp = sinf(t_0) * sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f - (u1 * -0.5f))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.001449999981559813))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(Float32(pi) * u2)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sin(t_0) * sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(u1 * Float32(-0.5))))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2) < 0.00144999998

   1. Initial program 57.6%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg 57.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. log1p-define 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-exp-log 93.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)}\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative 93.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* 93.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}}\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 93.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-exp-log 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

      2. associate-*l* 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]

      4. associate-*l* 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

      5. sin-2 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

      7. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

      8. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot 2\right) \]

   if 0.00144999998 < (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)

   1. Initial program 52.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 92.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot u1 - 1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2 \leq 0.001449999981559813:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot -0.5\right)}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 95.0% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u1 \leq 0.03999999910593033:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot -0.3333333333333333 - 0.5\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= u1 0.03999999910593033)
   (*
    (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))
    (sqrt (* u1 (- 1.0 (* u1 (- (* u1 -0.3333333333333333) 0.5))))))
   (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (* 2.0 (* PI u2)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float tmp;
	if (u1 <= 0.03999999910593033f) {
		tmp = sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2)) * sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f - (u1 * ((u1 * -0.3333333333333333f) - 0.5f)))));
	} else {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (2.0f * (((float) M_PI) * u2));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (u1 <= Float32(0.03999999910593033))
		tmp = Float32(sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)) * sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(u1 * Float32(-0.3333333333333333)) - Float32(0.5)))))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(Float32(pi) * u2)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if u1 < 0.0399999991

   1. Initial program 50.8%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Add Preprocessing

   3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 98.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \left(-0.3333333333333333 \cdot u1 - 0.5\right) - 1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   if 0.0399999991 < u1

   1. Initial program 97.5%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg 97.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. log1p-define 98.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-exp-log 93.1%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)}\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative 93.1%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* 93.1%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}}\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 93.1%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-exp-log 98.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

      2. associate-*l* 98.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative 98.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]

      4. associate-*l* 98.5%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

      5. sin-2 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

      7. *-commutative 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

      8. *-commutative 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0 91.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot 2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 97.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;u1 \leq 0.03999999910593033:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot -0.3333333333333333 - 0.5\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 93.4% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot -0.25 - 0.3333333333333333\right) - 0.5\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))
  (sqrt
   (* u1 (- 1.0 (* u1 (- (* u1 (- (* u1 -0.25) 0.3333333333333333)) 0.5)))))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2)) * sqrtf((u1 * (1.0f - (u1 * ((u1 * ((u1 * -0.25f) - 0.3333333333333333f)) - 0.5f)))));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)) * sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(u1 * Float32(Float32(u1 * Float32(-0.25)) - Float32(0.3333333333333333))) - Float32(0.5)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2)) * sqrt((u1 * (single(1.0) - (u1 * ((u1 * ((u1 * single(-0.25)) - single(0.3333333333333333))) - single(0.5))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 94.9%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \left(-0.25 \cdot u1 - 0.3333333333333333\right) - 0.5\right) - 1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

4. Final simplification 94.9%

   \[\leadsto \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \left(1 - u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot \left(u1 \cdot -0.25 - 0.3333333333333333\right) - 0.5\right)\right)} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 90.4% accurate, 1.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\\ \mathbf{if}\;t\_0 \leq 0.01549999974668026:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin t\_0 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (* (* 2.0 PI) u2)))
   (if (<= t_0 0.01549999974668026)
     (* (sqrt (- (log1p (- u1)))) (* 2.0 (* PI u2)))
     (* (sin t_0) (sqrt u1)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	float t_0 = (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2;
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= 0.01549999974668026f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(-log1pf(-u1)) * (2.0f * (((float) M_PI) * u2));
	} else {
		tmp = sinf(t_0) * sqrtf(u1);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(0.01549999974668026))
		tmp = Float32(sqrt(Float32(-log1p(Float32(-u1)))) * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(Float32(pi) * u2)));
	else
		tmp = Float32(sin(t_0) * sqrt(u1));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2) < 0.0154999997

   1. Initial program 57.8%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg 57.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. log1p-define 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Simplified 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-exp-log 93.9%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)}\right)} \]

      2. *-commutative 93.9%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}}\right) \]

      3. associate-*r* 93.9%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}}\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 93.9%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(e^{\log \left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)}\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-exp-log 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(u2 \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

      2. associate-*l* 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]

      4. associate-*l* 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)} \]

      5. sin-2 98.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\right)} \]

      6. *-commutative 98.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

      7. *-commutative 98.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

      8. *-commutative 98.6%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)}\right) \cdot 2\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sin \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \cos \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot 2\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0 96.6%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot 2\right) \]

   if 0.0154999997 < (*.f32 (*.f32 #s(literal 2 binary32) (PI.f32)) u2)

   1. Initial program 50.2%

      \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sub-neg 50.2%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. log1p-define 97.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. Simplified 97.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. pow1/2 97.7%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      2. log1p-undefine 50.2%

         \[\leadsto {\left(-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}\right)}^{0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      3. sub-neg 50.2%

         \[\leadsto {\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}\right)}^{0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      4. pow-to-exp 50.2%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      5. add-sqr-sqrt 50.2%

         \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      6. sqrt-unprod 50.2%

         \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      7. sqr-neg 50.2%

         \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right) \cdot \log \left(1 - u1\right)}}\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      8. sqrt-unprod 1.9%

         \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      9. add-sqr-sqrt 1.9%

         \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      10. sub-neg 1.9%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      11. log1p-undefine -0.0%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      12. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{-u1} \cdot \sqrt{-u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      13. sqrt-unprod 78.9%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-u1\right) \cdot \left(-u1\right)}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      14. sqr-neg 78.9%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      15. sqrt-unprod 78.9%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

      16. add-sqr-sqrt 78.9%

          \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{u1}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 78.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 82.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 92.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2 \leq 0.01549999974668026:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot u2\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 76.5% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2)) (sqrt u1)))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return sinf(((2.0f * ((float) M_PI)) * u2)) * sqrtf(u1);
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(sin(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)) * u2)) * sqrt(u1))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = sin(((single(2.0) * single(pi)) * u2)) * sqrt(u1);
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sub-neg 55.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. log1p-define 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{-\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

3. Simplified 98.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. pow1/2 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(-\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)\right)}^{0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   2. log1p-undefine 55.8%

      \[\leadsto {\left(-\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)}\right)}^{0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   3. sub-neg 55.8%

      \[\leadsto {\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(1 - u1\right)}\right)}^{0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   4. pow-to-exp 55.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   5. add-sqr-sqrt 55.8%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   6. sqrt-unprod 55.8%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\log \left(1 - u1\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   7. sqr-neg 55.8%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right) \cdot \log \left(1 - u1\right)}}\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   8. sqrt-unprod 1.7%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\log \left(1 - u1\right)}\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   9. add-sqr-sqrt 1.7%

      \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   10. sub-neg 1.7%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-u1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   11. log1p-undefine -0.0%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(-u1\right)\right)} \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   12. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{-u1} \cdot \sqrt{-u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   13. sqrt-unprod 74.9%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-u1\right) \cdot \left(-u1\right)}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   14. sqr-neg 74.9%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{u1 \cdot u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   15. sqrt-unprod 74.9%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

   16. add-sqr-sqrt 74.9%

       \[\leadsto e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{u1}\right)\right) \cdot 0.5} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

6. Applied egg-rr 74.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\log \left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(u1\right)\right) \cdot 0.5}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

7. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 78.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1}} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]

8. Final simplification 78.3%

   \[\leadsto \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1} \]
9. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 4.7% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ -2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
 :precision binary32
 (* -2.0 (* PI (* u2 (sqrt u1)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return -2.0f * (((float) M_PI) * (u2 * sqrtf(u1)));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(Float32(-2.0) * Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(u2 * sqrt(u1))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = single(-2.0) * (single(pi) * (u2 * sqrt(u1)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 -0.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1} \cdot \left(\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. unpow2 -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{-1} \]

   4. *-commutative 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot -1 \]

   5. associate-*l* 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot -1\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

5. Simplified 4.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0 4.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* 4.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \]

8. Simplified 4.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \]

9. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 4.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]

11. Simplified 4.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot u2\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \]

12. Final simplification 4.6%

    \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right) \]
13. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 66.1% accurate, 2.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot 4}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2) :precision binary32 (* u2 (* PI (sqrt (* u1 4.0)))))

C

float code(float cosTheta_i, float u1, float u2) {
	return u2 * (((float) M_PI) * sqrtf((u1 * 4.0f)));
}

Julia

function code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	return Float32(u2 * Float32(Float32(pi) * sqrt(Float32(u1 * Float32(4.0)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(cosTheta_i, u1, u2)
	tmp = u2 * (single(pi) * sqrt((u1 * single(4.0))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 55.8%

   \[\sqrt{-\log \left(1 - u1\right)} \cdot \sin \left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot u2\right) \]
2. Add Preprocessing

3. Taylor expanded in u1 around 0 -0.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{u1} \cdot \left(\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot {\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)}^{2}} \]

   2. unpow2 -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-1} \cdot \sqrt{-1}\right)} \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{-1} \]

   4. *-commutative 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \cdot -1 \]

   5. associate-*l* 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot -1\right)} \]

   6. *-commutative 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 4.0%

      \[\leadsto \sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

5. Simplified 4.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(2 \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \left(-\sqrt{u1}\right)} \]

6. Taylor expanded in u2 around 0 4.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* 4.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \]

8. Simplified 4.6%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. pow1 4.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{1}} \]

   2. *-commutative 4.6%

      \[\leadsto {\left(\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot u2\right)}\right)}^{1} \]

   3. *-commutative 4.6%

      \[\leadsto {\color{blue}{\left(\left(\pi \cdot u2\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)}}^{1} \]

   4. *-commutative 4.6%

      \[\leadsto {\left(\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   5. associate-*l* 4.6%

      \[\leadsto {\color{blue}{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)\right)\right)}}^{1} \]

   6. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

      \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}} \cdot \sqrt{-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}}\right)}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   7. sqrt-unprod 67.3%

      \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)}}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   8. *-commutative 67.3%

      \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot -2\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right)}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   9. *-commutative 67.3%

      \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot -2\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot -2\right)}}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   10. swap-sqr 67.3%

       \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{u1} \cdot \sqrt{u1}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot -2\right)}}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   11. add-sqr-sqrt 67.3%

       \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{u1} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot -2\right)}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

   12. metadata-eval 67.3%

       \[\leadsto {\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot \color{blue}{4}}\right)\right)}^{1} \]

10. Applied egg-rr 67.3%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot 4}\right)\right)}^{1}} \]

12. Simplified 67.3%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot 4}\right)} \]

13. Final simplification 67.3%

    \[\leadsto u2 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \sqrt{u1 \cdot 4}\right) \]
14. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024058 
(FPCore (cosTheta_i u1 u2)
  :name "Beckmann Sample, near normal, slope_y"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (> cosTheta_i 0.9999) (<= cosTheta_i 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u1) (<= u1 1.0))) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 u2) (<= u2 1.0)))
  (* (sqrt (- (log (- 1.0 u1)))) (sin (* (* 2.0 PI) u2))))