
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (cos (* 0.5 (- eps (* -2.0 x)))) (* 2.0 (sin (* 0.5 eps)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 * sin((0.5 * eps)));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = cos((0.5d0 * (eps - ((-2.0d0) * x)))) * (2.0d0 * sin((0.5d0 * eps)))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 * Math.sin((0.5 * eps)));
}
def code(x, eps): return math.cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 * math.sin((0.5 * eps)))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(eps - Float64(-2.0 * x)))) * Float64(2.0 * sin(Float64(0.5 * eps)))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = cos((0.5 * (eps - (-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 * sin((0.5 * eps))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(eps - N[(-2.0 * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(2.0 * N[Sin[N[(0.5 * eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon - -2 \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.8%
diff-sin61.8%
div-inv61.8%
associate--l+61.8%
metadata-eval61.8%
div-inv61.8%
+-commutative61.8%
associate-+l+61.8%
metadata-eval61.8%
Applied egg-rr61.8%
associate-*r*61.8%
*-commutative61.8%
*-commutative61.8%
+-commutative61.8%
count-261.8%
fma-define61.8%
associate-+r-61.8%
+-commutative61.8%
associate--l+100.0%
+-inverses100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
*-lft-identity100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
cancel-sign-sub-inv100.0%
neg-sub0100.0%
mul-1-neg100.0%
remove-double-neg100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (+ (cos x) (* (sin x) (* eps -0.5)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (cos(x) + (sin(x) * (eps * -0.5)));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * (cos(x) + (sin(x) * (eps * (-0.5d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (Math.cos(x) + (Math.sin(x) * (eps * -0.5)));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * (math.cos(x) + (math.sin(x) * (eps * -0.5)))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * Float64(cos(x) + Float64(sin(x) * Float64(eps * -0.5)))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * (cos(x) + (sin(x) * (eps * -0.5))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(eps * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot -0.5\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.8%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.7%
associate-*r*99.7%
Simplified99.7%
Final simplification99.7%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* eps (+ (cos x) (* x (* eps -0.5)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (cos(x) + (x * (eps * -0.5)));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps * (cos(x) + (x * (eps * (-0.5d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps * (Math.cos(x) + (x * (eps * -0.5)));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps * (math.cos(x) + (x * (eps * -0.5)))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps * Float64(cos(x) + Float64(x * Float64(eps * -0.5)))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps * (cos(x) + (x * (eps * -0.5))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps * N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[(eps * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon \cdot \left(\cos x + x \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot -0.5\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.8%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.7%
associate-*r*99.7%
Simplified99.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.6%
Simplified99.6%
Final simplification99.6%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (+ eps (* eps (* x (* -0.5 (+ eps x))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps + (eps * (x * (-0.5 * (eps + x))));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps + (eps * (x * ((-0.5d0) * (eps + x))))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps + (eps * (x * (-0.5 * (eps + x))));
}
def code(x, eps): return eps + (eps * (x * (-0.5 * (eps + x))))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(eps + Float64(eps * Float64(x * Float64(-0.5 * Float64(eps + x))))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps + (eps * (x * (-0.5 * (eps + x)))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(eps + N[(eps * N[(x * N[(-0.5 * N[(eps + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon + \varepsilon \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(-0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon + x\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 61.8%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.7%
associate-*r*99.7%
Simplified99.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
+-commutative99.4%
distribute-lft-in99.4%
distribute-lft-out99.4%
*-rgt-identity99.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
Final simplification99.4%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 eps)
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
def code(x, eps): return eps
function code(x, eps) return eps end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps; end
code[x_, eps_] := eps
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon
\end{array}
Initial program 61.8%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.4%
Final simplification98.4%
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (* 2.0 (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0)))) (sin (/ eps 2.0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return (2.0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = (2.0d0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0d0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0d0))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return (2.0 * Math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * Math.sin((eps / 2.0));
}
def code(x, eps): return (2.0 * math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * math.sin((eps / 2.0))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(Float64(2.0 * cos(Float64(x + Float64(eps / 2.0)))) * sin(Float64(eps / 2.0))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = (2.0 * cos((x + (eps / 2.0)))) * sin((eps / 2.0)); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(2.0 * N[Cos[N[(x + N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(2 \cdot \cos \left(x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024054
(FPCore (x eps)
:name "2sin (example 3.3)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (and (<= -10000.0 x) (<= x 10000.0)) (< (* 1e-16 (fabs x)) eps)) (< eps (fabs x)))
:alt
(* (* 2.0 (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0)))) (sin (/ eps 2.0)))
(- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))