
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) (+ (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = ((double) M_PI) * (angle / 180.0);
return pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = Math.PI * (angle / 180.0);
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = math.pi * (angle / 180.0) return math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(pi * Float64(angle / 180.0)) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = pi * (angle / 180.0); tmp = ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(Pi * N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \pi \cdot \frac{angle}{180}\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos t\_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin t\_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 9 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) (+ (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = ((double) M_PI) * (angle / 180.0);
return pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = Math.PI * (angle / 180.0);
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = math.pi * (angle / 180.0) return math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(pi * Float64(angle / 180.0)) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = pi * (angle / 180.0); tmp = ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(Pi * N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \pi \cdot \frac{angle}{180}\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos t\_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin t\_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* a (cos (/ (pow (sqrt PI) 2.0) (/ -180.0 angle)))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* PI (* angle 0.005555555555555556)))) 2.0)))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow((a * cos((pow(sqrt(((double) M_PI)), 2.0) / (-180.0 / angle)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos((Math.pow(Math.sqrt(Math.PI), 2.0) / (-180.0 / angle)))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow((a * math.cos((math.pow(math.sqrt(math.pi), 2.0) / (-180.0 / angle)))), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin((math.pi * (angle * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64((sqrt(pi) ^ 2.0) / Float64(-180.0 / angle)))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle * 0.005555555555555556)))) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = ((a * cos(((sqrt(pi) ^ 2.0) / (-180.0 / angle)))) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin((pi * (angle * 0.005555555555555556)))) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[Power[N[Sqrt[Pi], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[(-180.0 / angle), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{{\left(\sqrt{\pi}\right)}^{2}}{\frac{-180}{angle}}\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \left(angle \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.5%
associate-/r/80.5%
*-commutative80.5%
add-sqr-sqrt37.7%
sqrt-unprod60.3%
associate-*r/60.3%
associate-*r/60.3%
frac-times60.2%
*-commutative60.2%
*-commutative60.2%
metadata-eval60.2%
metadata-eval60.2%
frac-times60.3%
associate-*r/60.3%
associate-*r/60.3%
sqrt-unprod42.6%
add-sqr-sqrt80.5%
*-commutative80.5%
div-inv80.5%
metadata-eval80.5%
Applied egg-rr80.5%
add-sqr-sqrt80.6%
pow280.6%
Applied egg-rr80.6%
Final simplification80.6%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* a (cos (* 0.005555555555555556 (* PI angle)))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) 2.0)))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow((a * cos((0.005555555555555556 * (((double) M_PI) * angle)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle / 180.0)))), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos((0.005555555555555556 * (Math.PI * angle)))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle / 180.0)))), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow((a * math.cos((0.005555555555555556 * (math.pi * angle)))), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin((math.pi * (angle / 180.0)))), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(0.005555555555555556 * Float64(pi * angle)))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = ((a * cos((0.005555555555555556 * (pi * angle)))) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin((pi * (angle / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(0.005555555555555556 * N[(Pi * angle), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot angle\right)\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \frac{angle}{180}\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Taylor expanded in angle around inf 80.4%
Final simplification80.4%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* angle (/ PI -180.0)))) (+ (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = angle * (((double) M_PI) / -180.0);
return pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = angle * (Math.PI / -180.0);
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = angle * (math.pi / -180.0) return math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(angle * Float64(pi / -180.0)) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = angle * (pi / -180.0); tmp = ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(angle * N[(Pi / -180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := angle \cdot \frac{\pi}{-180}\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos t\_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin t\_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Final simplification80.6%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* b (sin (* angle (/ PI -180.0)))) 2.0) (pow a 2.0)))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow((b * sin((angle * (((double) M_PI) / -180.0)))), 2.0) + pow(a, 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow((b * Math.sin((angle * (Math.PI / -180.0)))), 2.0) + Math.pow(a, 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow((b * math.sin((angle * (math.pi / -180.0)))), 2.0) + math.pow(a, 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((Float64(b * sin(Float64(angle * Float64(pi / -180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + (a ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = ((b * sin((angle * (pi / -180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + (a ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(angle * N[(Pi / -180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{\left(b \cdot \sin \left(angle \cdot \frac{\pi}{-180}\right)\right)}^{2} + {a}^{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Final simplification80.4%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* (* angle -0.005555555555555556) (* (* PI b) (* -0.005555555555555556 (* angle (* PI b)))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((((double) M_PI) * b) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * (((double) M_PI) * b)))));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((Math.PI * b) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * (Math.PI * b)))));
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((math.pi * b) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * (math.pi * b)))))
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(angle * -0.005555555555555556) * Float64(Float64(pi * b) * Float64(-0.005555555555555556 * Float64(angle * Float64(pi * b)))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((pi * b) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * (pi * b))))); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(angle * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-0.005555555555555556 * N[(angle * N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{a}^{2} + \left(angle \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right) \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(-0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \left(\pi \cdot b\right)\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
Simplified75.5%
unpow275.5%
associate-*r*75.6%
associate-*l*73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
associate-*l*73.4%
Applied egg-rr73.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 73.4%
Final simplification73.4%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* (* angle -0.005555555555555556) (* (* PI b) (* angle (* PI (* b -0.005555555555555556)))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((((double) M_PI) * b) * (angle * (((double) M_PI) * (b * -0.005555555555555556)))));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((Math.PI * b) * (angle * (Math.PI * (b * -0.005555555555555556)))));
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((math.pi * b) * (angle * (math.pi * (b * -0.005555555555555556)))))
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(angle * -0.005555555555555556) * Float64(Float64(pi * b) * Float64(angle * Float64(pi * Float64(b * -0.005555555555555556)))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((angle * -0.005555555555555556) * ((pi * b) * (angle * (pi * (b * -0.005555555555555556))))); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(angle * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(angle * N[(Pi * N[(b * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{a}^{2} + \left(angle \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right) \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(angle \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(b \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right)\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
Simplified75.5%
unpow275.5%
associate-*r*75.6%
associate-*l*73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
associate-*l*73.4%
Applied egg-rr73.4%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 73.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
Simplified73.4%
Final simplification73.4%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* angle (* (* PI b) -0.005555555555555556)))) (+ (pow a 2.0) (* t_0 t_0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = angle * ((((double) M_PI) * b) * -0.005555555555555556);
return pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = angle * ((Math.PI * b) * -0.005555555555555556);
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = angle * ((math.pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556) return math.pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(angle * Float64(Float64(pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(t_0 * t_0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = angle * ((pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556); tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(angle * N[(N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision] * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := angle \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot b\right) \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right)\\
{a}^{2} + t\_0 \cdot t\_0
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
Simplified75.5%
unpow275.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*l*75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*l*75.5%
Applied egg-rr75.5%
Final simplification75.5%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* (* PI (* angle b)) (* -0.005555555555555556 (* angle (* (* PI b) -0.005555555555555556))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + ((((double) M_PI) * (angle * b)) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * ((((double) M_PI) * b) * -0.005555555555555556))));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((Math.PI * (angle * b)) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * ((Math.PI * b) * -0.005555555555555556))));
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((math.pi * (angle * b)) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * ((math.pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556))))
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(pi * Float64(angle * b)) * Float64(-0.005555555555555556 * Float64(angle * Float64(Float64(pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((pi * (angle * b)) * (-0.005555555555555556 * (angle * ((pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556)))); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(Pi * N[(angle * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-0.005555555555555556 * N[(angle * N[(N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision] * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{a}^{2} + \left(\pi \cdot \left(angle \cdot b\right)\right) \cdot \left(-0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot b\right) \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
Simplified75.5%
unpow275.5%
associate-*r*75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*l*75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*l*75.6%
Applied egg-rr75.6%
Final simplification75.6%
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* -0.005555555555555556 (* (* angle (* (* PI b) -0.005555555555555556)) (* PI (* angle b))))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + (-0.005555555555555556 * ((angle * ((((double) M_PI) * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) * (((double) M_PI) * (angle * b))));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + (-0.005555555555555556 * ((angle * ((Math.PI * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) * (Math.PI * (angle * b))));
}
def code(a, b, angle): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + (-0.005555555555555556 * ((angle * ((math.pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) * (math.pi * (angle * b))))
function code(a, b, angle) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(-0.005555555555555556 * Float64(Float64(angle * Float64(Float64(pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) * Float64(pi * Float64(angle * b))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + (-0.005555555555555556 * ((angle * ((pi * b) * -0.005555555555555556)) * (pi * (angle * b)))); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.005555555555555556 * N[(N[(angle * N[(N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision] * -0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(Pi * N[(angle * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
{a}^{2} + -0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(\left(angle \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot b\right) \cdot -0.005555555555555556\right)\right) \cdot \left(\pi \cdot \left(angle \cdot b\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 80.5%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 80.4%
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
Simplified75.5%
unpow275.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*r*75.5%
*-commutative75.5%
associate-*l*75.6%
*-commutative75.6%
associate-*l*75.6%
Applied egg-rr75.6%
Final simplification75.6%
herbie shell --seed 2024031
(FPCore (a b angle)
:name "ab-angle->ABCF C"
:precision binary64
(+ (pow (* a (cos (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) 2.0)))