Hyperbolic arcsine

Percentage Accurate: 72.2% → 99.5%

Time: 9.1s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 1.8×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 72.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.5% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.95:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666))))
   (if (<= x -0.95)
     (- (log (- (* x -2.0) (/ 0.5 x))))
     (if (<= x -5e-29)
       t_0
       (if (<= x 5e-29) 0.0 (if (<= x 1.25) t_0 (log (* x 2.0))))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = x + (pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.95) {
		tmp = -log(((x * -2.0) - (0.5 / x)));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = x + ((x ** 3.0d0) * (-0.16666666666666666d0))
    if (x <= (-0.95d0)) then
        tmp = -log(((x * (-2.0d0)) - (0.5d0 / x)))
    else if (x <= (-5d-29)) then
        tmp = t_0
    else if (x <= 5d-29) then
        tmp = 0.0d0
    else if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = t_0
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = x + (Math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.95) {
		tmp = -Math.log(((x * -2.0) - (0.5 / x)));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = x + (math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666)
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -0.95:
		tmp = -math.log(((x * -2.0) - (0.5 / x)))
	elif x <= -5e-29:
		tmp = t_0
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = 0.0
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = t_0
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = Float64(x + Float64((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -0.95)
		tmp = Float64(-log(Float64(Float64(x * -2.0) - Float64(0.5 / x))));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = x + ((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -0.95)
		tmp = -log(((x * -2.0) - (0.5 / x)));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x + N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, -0.95], (-N[Log[N[(N[(x * -2.0), $MachinePrecision] - N[(0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), If[LessEqual[x, -5e-29], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], 0.0, If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], t$95$0, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 4 regimes

2. if x < -0.94999999999999996

   1. Initial program 6.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. flip-+ 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}{x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right)} \]

      2. frac-2neg 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}{-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      3. log-div 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. pow2 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-1-def 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. hypot-1-def 6.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. fma-def 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 9.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. neg-sub0 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. associate--r- 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - {x}^{2}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. neg-sub0 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-{x}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      4. +-commutative 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) + \left(-{x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. sub-neg 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. fma-udef 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} + 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 9.6%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2}\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate--l+ 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left({x}^{2} - {x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-inverses 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      14. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      15. associate--r- 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - x\right) + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

      16. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-x\right)} + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) \]

      17. +-commutative 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) + \left(-x\right)\right)} \]

      18. sub-neg 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   8. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   9. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 97.7%

      \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} \]
   10. Step-by-step derivation

       1. *-commutative 97.7%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{x \cdot -2} - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right) \]

       2. associate-*r/ 97.7%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(x \cdot -2 - \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}}\right) \]

       3. metadata-eval 97.7%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(x \cdot -2 - \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x}\right) \]

   11. Simplified 97.7%

       \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -0.94999999999999996 < x < -4.99999999999999986e-29 or 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 44.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 44.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 96.0%

         \[\leadsto x + \color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   7. Simplified 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   if -4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 42.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.95:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 96.8% accurate, 0.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \leq 0.9:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))) 0.9)
   (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x)))
   (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if ((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))) <= 0.9) {
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if ((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))) <= 0.9) {
		tmp = -Math.log((Math.hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if (x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))) <= 0.9:
		tmp = -math.log((math.hypot(1.0, x) - x))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))) <= 0.9)
		tmp = Float64(-log(Float64(hypot(1.0, x) - x)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if ((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))) <= 0.9)
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.9], (-N[Log[N[(N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) 1))) < 0.900000000000000022

   1. Initial program 9.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 9.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 9.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 9.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 9.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 9.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. flip-+ 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}{x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right)} \]

      2. frac-2neg 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}{-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      3. log-div 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. pow2 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-1-def 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. hypot-1-def 9.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. fma-def 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 12.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. neg-sub0 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. associate--r- 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - {x}^{2}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. neg-sub0 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-{x}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      4. +-commutative 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) + \left(-{x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. sub-neg 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. fma-udef 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} + 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 12.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2}\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate--l+ 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left({x}^{2} - {x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-inverses 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. neg-sub0 99.9%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      14. neg-sub0 99.9%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      15. associate--r- 99.9%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - x\right) + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

      16. neg-sub0 99.9%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-x\right)} + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) \]

      17. +-commutative 99.9%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) + \left(-x\right)\right)} \]

      18. sub-neg 99.9%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   8. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   if 0.900000000000000022 < (+.f64 x (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 (*.f64 x x) 1)))

   1. Initial program 80.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 80.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 80.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 80.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 94.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 94.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 95.5%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \leq 0.9:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 97.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -6800:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -6800.0)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 5e-29)
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x)))
     (if (<= x 1.25)
       (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666))
       (log (* x 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -6800.0) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x + (pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -6800.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x + (Math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -6800.0:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = x + (math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666)
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -6800.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -6800.0)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x + ((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -6800.0], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], N[(x + N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 4 regimes

2. if x < -6800

   1. Initial program 3.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 3.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 3.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -6800 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 96.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 96.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 96.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 96.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 96.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 96.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   if 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 43.4%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 43.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 43.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 43.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 43.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 43.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.9%

         \[\leadsto x + \color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   7. Simplified 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 42.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -6800:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 99.4% accurate, 1.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;t\_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666))))
   (if (<= x -1.25)
     (log (/ -0.5 x))
     (if (<= x -5e-29)
       t_0
       (if (<= x 5e-29) 0.0 (if (<= x 1.25) t_0 (log (* x 2.0))))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = x + (pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = x + ((x ** 3.0d0) * (-0.16666666666666666d0))
    if (x <= (-1.25d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= (-5d-29)) then
        tmp = t_0
    else if (x <= 5d-29) then
        tmp = 0.0d0
    else if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = t_0
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = x + (Math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = t_0;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = x + (math.pow(x, 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666)
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= -5e-29:
		tmp = t_0
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = 0.0
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = t_0
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = Float64(x + Float64((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = x + ((x ^ 3.0) * -0.16666666666666666);
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = t_0;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = t_0;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x + N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, -5e-29], t$95$0, If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], 0.0, If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], t$95$0, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 4 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 6.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 97.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < -4.99999999999999986e-29 or 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 44.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 44.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 96.0%

         \[\leadsto x + \color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   7. Simplified 96.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} \]

   if -4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 42.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 99.1% accurate, 1.7× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.25)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x -5e-29)
     x
     (if (<= x 5e-29) 0.0 (if (<= x 1.25) x (log (* x 2.0)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-1.25d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= (-5d-29)) then
        tmp = x
    else if (x <= 5d-29) then
        tmp = 0.0d0
    else if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= -5e-29:
		tmp = x
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = 0.0
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, -5e-29], x, If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], 0.0, If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 4 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 6.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 6.3%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 6.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 97.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < -4.99999999999999986e-29 or 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 44.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 44.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 86.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if -4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 42.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 4 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.6%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 88.6% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -5e-29) x (if (<= x 5e-29) 0.0 (if (<= x 1.25) x (log (* x 2.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-5d-29)) then
        tmp = x
    else if (x <= 5d-29) then
        tmp = 0.0d0
    else if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -5e-29:
		tmp = x
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = 0.0
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -5e-29], x, If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], 0.0, If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -4.99999999999999986e-29 or 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 22.1%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 22.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 22.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 22.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 22.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 22.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 40.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if -4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 42.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 42.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 88.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 61.5% accurate, 18.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x -5e-29) x (if (<= x 5e-29) 0.0 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else {
		tmp = x;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-5d-29)) then
        tmp = x
    else if (x <= 5d-29) then
        tmp = 0.0d0
    else
        tmp = x
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -5e-29) {
		tmp = x;
	} else if (x <= 5e-29) {
		tmp = 0.0;
	} else {
		tmp = x;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -5e-29:
		tmp = x
	elif x <= 5e-29:
		tmp = 0.0
	else:
		tmp = x
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	else
		tmp = x;
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -5e-29)
		tmp = x;
	elseif (x <= 5e-29)
		tmp = 0.0;
	else
		tmp = x;
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -5e-29], x, If[LessEqual[x, 5e-29], 0.0, x]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < -4.99999999999999986e-29 or 4.99999999999999986e-29 < x

   1. Initial program 32.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 32.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 32.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 32.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 63.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 63.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 21.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if -4.99999999999999986e-29 < x < 4.99999999999999986e-29

   1. Initial program 100.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Add Preprocessing

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 66.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-29}:\\ \;\;\;\;0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \end{array} \]
5. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 10.0% accurate, 207.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)

C

double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return x

Julia

function code(x)
	return x
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := x

Derivation

1. Initial program 71.6%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 71.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

   2. +-commutative 71.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

   3. sqr-neg 71.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

   4. hypot-1-def 84.5%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

3. Simplified 84.5%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
4. Add Preprocessing

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 12.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

6. Final simplification 12.3%

   \[\leadsto x \]
7. Add Preprocessing

Developer target: 83.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\\ \mathbf{if}\;x < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{x - t\_0}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + t\_0\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))
   (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x t_0))) (log (+ x t_0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))
    if (x < 0.0d0) then
        tmp = log(((-1.0d0) / (x - t_0)))
    else
        tmp = log((x + t_0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0
	if x < 0.0:
		tmp = math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + t_0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-1.0 / Float64(x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + t_0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[Less[x, 0.0], N[Log[N[(-1.0 / N[(x - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2024031 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arcsine"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))) (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

  (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))