
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (* (- (/ (* m (- 1.0 m)) v) 1.0) (- 1.0 m)))
double code(double m, double v) {
return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m);
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = (((m * (1.0d0 - m)) / v) - 1.0d0) * (1.0d0 - m)
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m);
}
def code(m, v): return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m)
function code(m, v) return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(m * Float64(1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * Float64(1.0 - m)) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m); end
code[m_, v_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(m * N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / v), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(\frac{m \cdot \left(1 - m\right)}{v} - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - m\right)
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 11 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (* (- (/ (* m (- 1.0 m)) v) 1.0) (- 1.0 m)))
double code(double m, double v) {
return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m);
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = (((m * (1.0d0 - m)) / v) - 1.0d0) * (1.0d0 - m)
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m);
}
def code(m, v): return (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m)
function code(m, v) return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(m * Float64(1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * Float64(1.0 - m)) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = (((m * (1.0 - m)) / v) - 1.0) * (1.0 - m); end
code[m_, v_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(m * N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / v), $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(\frac{m \cdot \left(1 - m\right)}{v} - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - m\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (* (- 1.0 m) (+ (/ m (/ v (- 1.0 m))) -1.0)))
double code(double m, double v) {
return (1.0 - m) * ((m / (v / (1.0 - m))) + -1.0);
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = (1.0d0 - m) * ((m / (v / (1.0d0 - m))) + (-1.0d0))
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return (1.0 - m) * ((m / (v / (1.0 - m))) + -1.0);
}
def code(m, v): return (1.0 - m) * ((m / (v / (1.0 - m))) + -1.0)
function code(m, v) return Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) * Float64(Float64(m / Float64(v / Float64(1.0 - m))) + -1.0)) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = (1.0 - m) * ((m / (v / (1.0 - m))) + -1.0); end
code[m_, v_] := N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(m / N[(v / N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(1 - m\right) \cdot \left(\frac{m}{\frac{v}{1 - m}} + -1\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-/l*99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Final simplification99.9%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 2e-23) (+ -1.0 (/ m v)) (* (- 1.0 m) (* m (/ (- 1.0 m) v)))))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 2e-23) {
tmp = -1.0 + (m / v);
} else {
tmp = (1.0 - m) * (m * ((1.0 - m) / v));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 2d-23) then
tmp = (-1.0d0) + (m / v)
else
tmp = (1.0d0 - m) * (m * ((1.0d0 - m) / v))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 2e-23) {
tmp = -1.0 + (m / v);
} else {
tmp = (1.0 - m) * (m * ((1.0 - m) / v));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 2e-23: tmp = -1.0 + (m / v) else: tmp = (1.0 - m) * (m * ((1.0 - m) / v)) return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 2e-23) tmp = Float64(-1.0 + Float64(m / v)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) * Float64(m * Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) / v))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 2e-23) tmp = -1.0 + (m / v); else tmp = (1.0 - m) * (m * ((1.0 - m) / v)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 2e-23], N[(-1.0 + N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(m * N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-23}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1 + \frac{m}{v}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(1 - m\right) \cdot \left(m \cdot \frac{1 - m}{v}\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 1.99999999999999992e-23Initial program 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
sub-neg100.0%
associate-*l/100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 99.8%
+-commutative99.8%
distribute-lft-in99.8%
div-inv100.0%
*-rgt-identity100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 100.0%
if 1.99999999999999992e-23 < m Initial program 99.8%
*-commutative99.8%
sub-neg99.8%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
associate-*l/99.8%
div-inv99.8%
fma-def99.8%
Applied egg-rr99.8%
Taylor expanded in m around inf 54.9%
+-commutative54.9%
mul-1-neg54.9%
unsub-neg54.9%
*-lft-identity54.9%
associate-*l/54.9%
associate-/r/54.9%
unpow254.9%
associate-/l*54.9%
div-sub99.2%
associate-/r/99.3%
*-commutative99.3%
Simplified99.3%
Final simplification99.6%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 2e-50) (+ -1.0 (/ m v)) (/ (* m (- 1.0 m)) (/ v (- 1.0 m)))))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 2e-50) {
tmp = -1.0 + (m / v);
} else {
tmp = (m * (1.0 - m)) / (v / (1.0 - m));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 2d-50) then
tmp = (-1.0d0) + (m / v)
else
tmp = (m * (1.0d0 - m)) / (v / (1.0d0 - m))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 2e-50) {
tmp = -1.0 + (m / v);
} else {
tmp = (m * (1.0 - m)) / (v / (1.0 - m));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 2e-50: tmp = -1.0 + (m / v) else: tmp = (m * (1.0 - m)) / (v / (1.0 - m)) return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 2e-50) tmp = Float64(-1.0 + Float64(m / v)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(m * Float64(1.0 - m)) / Float64(v / Float64(1.0 - m))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 2e-50) tmp = -1.0 + (m / v); else tmp = (m * (1.0 - m)) / (v / (1.0 - m)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 2e-50], N[(-1.0 + N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(m * N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(v / N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-50}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1 + \frac{m}{v}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{m \cdot \left(1 - m\right)}{\frac{v}{1 - m}}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 2.00000000000000002e-50Initial program 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
sub-neg100.0%
associate-*l/100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 99.9%
+-commutative99.9%
distribute-lft-in99.9%
div-inv100.0%
*-rgt-identity100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 100.0%
if 2.00000000000000002e-50 < m Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
div-inv99.8%
fma-def99.8%
Applied egg-rr99.8%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.3%
associate-/l*99.3%
associate-*r/99.3%
*-commutative99.3%
Applied egg-rr99.3%
Final simplification99.6%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 1.0) (* (- 1.0 m) (+ -1.0 (/ m v))) (* (* m (/ m v)) (+ m -1.0))))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.0) {
tmp = (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + (m / v));
} else {
tmp = (m * (m / v)) * (m + -1.0);
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 1.0d0) then
tmp = (1.0d0 - m) * ((-1.0d0) + (m / v))
else
tmp = (m * (m / v)) * (m + (-1.0d0))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.0) {
tmp = (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + (m / v));
} else {
tmp = (m * (m / v)) * (m + -1.0);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 1.0: tmp = (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + (m / v)) else: tmp = (m * (m / v)) * (m + -1.0) return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 1.0) tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) * Float64(-1.0 + Float64(m / v))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(m * Float64(m / v)) * Float64(m + -1.0)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 1.0) tmp = (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + (m / v)); else tmp = (m * (m / v)) * (m + -1.0); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 1.0], N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 + N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(m * N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(m + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(1 - m\right) \cdot \left(-1 + \frac{m}{v}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(m \cdot \frac{m}{v}\right) \cdot \left(m + -1\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 1Initial program 99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 96.7%
if 1 < m Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
div-inv99.9%
fma-def99.9%
Applied egg-rr99.9%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.9%
associate-*r/99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
Applied egg-rr99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around inf 98.6%
neg-mul-198.6%
distribute-neg-frac98.6%
Simplified98.6%
Final simplification97.5%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (* (- 1.0 m) (+ -1.0 (* (- 1.0 m) (/ m v)))))
double code(double m, double v) {
return (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + ((1.0 - m) * (m / v)));
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = (1.0d0 - m) * ((-1.0d0) + ((1.0d0 - m) * (m / v)))
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + ((1.0 - m) * (m / v)));
}
def code(m, v): return (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + ((1.0 - m) * (m / v)))
function code(m, v) return Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) * Float64(-1.0 + Float64(Float64(1.0 - m) * Float64(m / v)))) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = (1.0 - m) * (-1.0 + ((1.0 - m) * (m / v))); end
code[m_, v_] := N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 + N[(N[(1.0 - m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(1 - m\right) \cdot \left(-1 + \left(1 - m\right) \cdot \frac{m}{v}\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Final simplification99.9%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 1.9e-143) -1.0 (+ m (/ m v))))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.9e-143) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m + (m / v);
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 1.9d-143) then
tmp = -1.0d0
else
tmp = m + (m / v)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.9e-143) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m + (m / v);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 1.9e-143: tmp = -1.0 else: tmp = m + (m / v) return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 1.9e-143) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = Float64(m + Float64(m / v)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 1.9e-143) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = m + (m / v); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 1.9e-143], -1.0, N[(m + N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 1.9 \cdot 10^{-143}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;m + \frac{m}{v}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 1.89999999999999991e-143Initial program 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
sub-neg100.0%
associate-*l/100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 78.0%
if 1.89999999999999991e-143 < m Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 67.0%
Taylor expanded in m around inf 61.0%
+-commutative67.0%
distribute-lft-in67.0%
div-inv67.1%
*-rgt-identity67.1%
Applied egg-rr61.1%
Final simplification66.0%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 1.8e-143) -1.0 (/ m v)))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.8e-143) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m / v;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 1.8d-143) then
tmp = -1.0d0
else
tmp = m / v
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.8e-143) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m / v;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 1.8e-143: tmp = -1.0 else: tmp = m / v return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 1.8e-143) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = Float64(m / v); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 1.8e-143) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = m / v; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 1.8e-143], -1.0, N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 1.8 \cdot 10^{-143}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{m}{v}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 1.7999999999999999e-143Initial program 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
sub-neg100.0%
associate-*l/100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 78.0%
if 1.7999999999999999e-143 < m Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 67.0%
+-commutative67.0%
distribute-lft-in67.0%
div-inv67.1%
*-rgt-identity67.1%
Applied egg-rr67.1%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 67.1%
Taylor expanded in m around inf 61.1%
Final simplification66.0%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (if (<= m 1.2e-54) -1.0 m))
double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.2e-54) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
real(8) :: tmp
if (m <= 1.2d-54) then
tmp = -1.0d0
else
tmp = m
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
double tmp;
if (m <= 1.2e-54) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else {
tmp = m;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(m, v): tmp = 0 if m <= 1.2e-54: tmp = -1.0 else: tmp = m return tmp
function code(m, v) tmp = 0.0 if (m <= 1.2e-54) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = m; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(m, v) tmp = 0.0; if (m <= 1.2e-54) tmp = -1.0; else tmp = m; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[m_, v_] := If[LessEqual[m, 1.2e-54], -1.0, m]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;m \leq 1.2 \cdot 10^{-54}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;m\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if m < 1.20000000000000007e-54Initial program 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
sub-neg100.0%
associate-*l/100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 58.3%
if 1.20000000000000007e-54 < m Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 57.4%
Taylor expanded in m around inf 56.8%
Taylor expanded in v around inf 5.5%
Final simplification29.4%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (+ -1.0 (/ m v)))
double code(double m, double v) {
return -1.0 + (m / v);
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = (-1.0d0) + (m / v)
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return -1.0 + (m / v);
}
def code(m, v): return -1.0 + (m / v)
function code(m, v) return Float64(-1.0 + Float64(m / v)) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = -1.0 + (m / v); end
code[m_, v_] := N[(-1.0 + N[(m / v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1 + \frac{m}{v}
\end{array}
Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 76.7%
+-commutative76.7%
distribute-lft-in76.7%
div-inv76.8%
*-rgt-identity76.8%
Applied egg-rr76.8%
Taylor expanded in v around 0 76.8%
Final simplification76.8%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 (+ m -1.0))
double code(double m, double v) {
return m + -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = m + (-1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return m + -1.0;
}
def code(m, v): return m + -1.0
function code(m, v) return Float64(m + -1.0) end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = m + -1.0; end
code[m_, v_] := N[(m + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
m + -1
\end{array}
Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in v around inf 29.0%
neg-mul-129.0%
neg-sub029.0%
associate--r-29.0%
metadata-eval29.0%
Simplified29.0%
Final simplification29.0%
(FPCore (m v) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double m, double v) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(m, v)
real(8), intent (in) :: m
real(8), intent (in) :: v
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double m, double v) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(m, v): return -1.0
function code(m, v) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(m, v) tmp = -1.0; end
code[m_, v_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 99.9%
*-commutative99.9%
sub-neg99.9%
associate-*l/99.9%
metadata-eval99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in m around 0 26.8%
Final simplification26.8%
herbie shell --seed 2024019
(FPCore (m v)
:name "b parameter of renormalized beta distribution"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (< 0.0 m) (< 0.0 v)) (< v 0.25))
(* (- (/ (* m (- 1.0 m)) v) 1.0) (- 1.0 m)))