
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 3.0 a) c)))) (* 3.0 a)))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a);
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0d0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0d0 * a)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-b + Math.sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a);
}
def code(a, b, c): return (-b + math.sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a)
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(Float64(-b) + sqrt(Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(Float64(3.0 * a) * c)))) / Float64(3.0 * a)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[((-b) + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision] * c), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(3 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{3 \cdot a}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 3.0 a) c)))) (* 3.0 a)))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a);
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0d0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0d0 * a)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-b + Math.sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a);
}
def code(a, b, c): return (-b + math.sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a)
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(Float64(-b) + sqrt(Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(Float64(3.0 * a) * c)))) / Float64(3.0 * a)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = (-b + sqrt(((b * b) - ((3.0 * a) * c)))) / (3.0 * a); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[((-b) + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision] * c), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(3.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - \left(3 \cdot a\right) \cdot c}}{3 \cdot a}
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (pow (* c a) 2.0) 2.25)))
(fma
-0.5
(/ c b)
(+
(* (/ t_0 (* a (pow b 3.0))) -0.16666666666666666)
(*
-0.16666666666666666
(+
(/ (* a (* (* c t_0) 1.5)) (* a (pow b 5.0)))
(/
(fma
1.5
(* c (* a (* a (* 1.5 (* c (* 2.25 (* a (* c (* c a)))))))))
(* (pow (* c (* a -1.5)) 4.0) 0.25))
(* a (pow b 7.0)))))))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
double t_0 = pow((c * a), 2.0) * 2.25;
return fma(-0.5, (c / b), (((t_0 / (a * pow(b, 3.0))) * -0.16666666666666666) + (-0.16666666666666666 * (((a * ((c * t_0) * 1.5)) / (a * pow(b, 5.0))) + (fma(1.5, (c * (a * (a * (1.5 * (c * (2.25 * (a * (c * (c * a))))))))), (pow((c * (a * -1.5)), 4.0) * 0.25)) / (a * pow(b, 7.0)))))));
}
function code(a, b, c) t_0 = Float64((Float64(c * a) ^ 2.0) * 2.25) return fma(-0.5, Float64(c / b), Float64(Float64(Float64(t_0 / Float64(a * (b ^ 3.0))) * -0.16666666666666666) + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a * Float64(Float64(c * t_0) * 1.5)) / Float64(a * (b ^ 5.0))) + Float64(fma(1.5, Float64(c * Float64(a * Float64(a * Float64(1.5 * Float64(c * Float64(2.25 * Float64(a * Float64(c * Float64(c * a))))))))), Float64((Float64(c * Float64(a * -1.5)) ^ 4.0) * 0.25)) / Float64(a * (b ^ 7.0))))))) end
code[a_, b_, c_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Power[N[(c * a), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * 2.25), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(t$95$0 / N[(a * N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * -0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[(N[(N[(a * N[(N[(c * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] * 1.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * N[Power[b, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(1.5 * N[(c * N[(a * N[(a * N[(1.5 * N[(c * N[(2.25 * N[(a * N[(c * N[(c * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[N[(c * N[(a * -1.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.25), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * N[Power[b, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := {\left(c \cdot a\right)}^{2} \cdot 2.25\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \frac{c}{b}, \frac{t_0}{a \cdot {b}^{3}} \cdot -0.16666666666666666 + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left(\frac{a \cdot \left(\left(c \cdot t_0\right) \cdot 1.5\right)}{a \cdot {b}^{5}} + \frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(1.5, c \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(1.5 \cdot \left(c \cdot \left(2.25 \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(c \cdot \left(c \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right)\right), {\left(c \cdot \left(a \cdot -1.5\right)\right)}^{4} \cdot 0.25\right)}{a \cdot {b}^{7}}\right)\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c)
:precision binary64
(+
(* -0.5625 (/ (* (pow a 2.0) (pow c 3.0)) (pow b 5.0)))
(+
(* -0.5 (/ c b))
(+
(* -0.375 (/ (* a (pow c 2.0)) (pow b 3.0)))
(*
(/ -0.16666666666666666 a)
(/ (* (pow (* c a) 4.0) 6.328125) (pow b 7.0)))))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5625 * ((pow(a, 2.0) * pow(c, 3.0)) / pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + ((-0.375 * ((a * pow(c, 2.0)) / pow(b, 3.0))) + ((-0.16666666666666666 / a) * ((pow((c * a), 4.0) * 6.328125) / pow(b, 7.0)))));
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = ((-0.5625d0) * (((a ** 2.0d0) * (c ** 3.0d0)) / (b ** 5.0d0))) + (((-0.5d0) * (c / b)) + (((-0.375d0) * ((a * (c ** 2.0d0)) / (b ** 3.0d0))) + (((-0.16666666666666666d0) / a) * ((((c * a) ** 4.0d0) * 6.328125d0) / (b ** 7.0d0)))))
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5625 * ((Math.pow(a, 2.0) * Math.pow(c, 3.0)) / Math.pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + ((-0.375 * ((a * Math.pow(c, 2.0)) / Math.pow(b, 3.0))) + ((-0.16666666666666666 / a) * ((Math.pow((c * a), 4.0) * 6.328125) / Math.pow(b, 7.0)))));
}
def code(a, b, c): return (-0.5625 * ((math.pow(a, 2.0) * math.pow(c, 3.0)) / math.pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + ((-0.375 * ((a * math.pow(c, 2.0)) / math.pow(b, 3.0))) + ((-0.16666666666666666 / a) * ((math.pow((c * a), 4.0) * 6.328125) / math.pow(b, 7.0)))))
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(-0.5625 * Float64(Float64((a ^ 2.0) * (c ^ 3.0)) / (b ^ 5.0))) + Float64(Float64(-0.5 * Float64(c / b)) + Float64(Float64(-0.375 * Float64(Float64(a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0))) + Float64(Float64(-0.16666666666666666 / a) * Float64(Float64((Float64(c * a) ^ 4.0) * 6.328125) / (b ^ 7.0)))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = (-0.5625 * (((a ^ 2.0) * (c ^ 3.0)) / (b ^ 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + ((-0.375 * ((a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0))) + ((-0.16666666666666666 / a) * ((((c * a) ^ 4.0) * 6.328125) / (b ^ 7.0))))); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[(-0.5625 * N[(N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[c, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.375 * N[(N[(a * N[Power[c, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.16666666666666666 / a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[Power[N[(c * a), $MachinePrecision], 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * 6.328125), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-0.5625 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {c}^{3}}{{b}^{5}} + \left(-0.5 \cdot \frac{c}{b} + \left(-0.375 \cdot \frac{a \cdot {c}^{2}}{{b}^{3}} + \frac{-0.16666666666666666}{a} \cdot \frac{{\left(c \cdot a\right)}^{4} \cdot 6.328125}{{b}^{7}}\right)\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (fma -0.5 (/ c b) (+ (* -0.5625 (/ (* (pow a 2.0) (pow c 3.0)) (pow b 5.0))) (* -0.375 (/ (* a (pow c 2.0)) (pow b 3.0))))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return fma(-0.5, (c / b), ((-0.5625 * ((pow(a, 2.0) * pow(c, 3.0)) / pow(b, 5.0))) + (-0.375 * ((a * pow(c, 2.0)) / pow(b, 3.0)))));
}
function code(a, b, c) return fma(-0.5, Float64(c / b), Float64(Float64(-0.5625 * Float64(Float64((a ^ 2.0) * (c ^ 3.0)) / (b ^ 5.0))) + Float64(-0.375 * Float64(Float64(a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0))))) end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.5625 * N[(N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[c, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.375 * N[(N[(a * N[Power[c, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(-0.5, \frac{c}{b}, -0.5625 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {c}^{3}}{{b}^{5}} + -0.375 \cdot \frac{a \cdot {c}^{2}}{{b}^{3}}\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (+ (* -0.5625 (/ (* (pow a 2.0) (pow c 3.0)) (pow b 5.0))) (+ (* -0.5 (/ c b)) (* -0.375 (/ (* a (pow c 2.0)) (pow b 3.0))))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5625 * ((pow(a, 2.0) * pow(c, 3.0)) / pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * pow(c, 2.0)) / pow(b, 3.0))));
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = ((-0.5625d0) * (((a ** 2.0d0) * (c ** 3.0d0)) / (b ** 5.0d0))) + (((-0.5d0) * (c / b)) + ((-0.375d0) * ((a * (c ** 2.0d0)) / (b ** 3.0d0))))
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5625 * ((Math.pow(a, 2.0) * Math.pow(c, 3.0)) / Math.pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * Math.pow(c, 2.0)) / Math.pow(b, 3.0))));
}
def code(a, b, c): return (-0.5625 * ((math.pow(a, 2.0) * math.pow(c, 3.0)) / math.pow(b, 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * math.pow(c, 2.0)) / math.pow(b, 3.0))))
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(-0.5625 * Float64(Float64((a ^ 2.0) * (c ^ 3.0)) / (b ^ 5.0))) + Float64(Float64(-0.5 * Float64(c / b)) + Float64(-0.375 * Float64(Float64(a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0))))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = (-0.5625 * (((a ^ 2.0) * (c ^ 3.0)) / (b ^ 5.0))) + ((-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0)))); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[(-0.5625 * N[(N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[c, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.375 * N[(N[(a * N[Power[c, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-0.5625 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {c}^{3}}{{b}^{5}} + \left(-0.5 \cdot \frac{c}{b} + -0.375 \cdot \frac{a \cdot {c}^{2}}{{b}^{3}}\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (+ (* -0.5 (/ c b)) (* -0.375 (/ (* a (pow c 2.0)) (pow b 3.0)))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * pow(c, 2.0)) / pow(b, 3.0)));
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = ((-0.5d0) * (c / b)) + ((-0.375d0) * ((a * (c ** 2.0d0)) / (b ** 3.0d0)))
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return (-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * Math.pow(c, 2.0)) / Math.pow(b, 3.0)));
}
def code(a, b, c): return (-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * math.pow(c, 2.0)) / math.pow(b, 3.0)))
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(-0.5 * Float64(c / b)) + Float64(-0.375 * Float64(Float64(a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0)))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = (-0.5 * (c / b)) + (-0.375 * ((a * (c ^ 2.0)) / (b ^ 3.0))); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.375 * N[(N[(a * N[Power[c, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-0.5 \cdot \frac{c}{b} + -0.375 \cdot \frac{a \cdot {c}^{2}}{{b}^{3}}
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* -1.5 (/ (* c a) b)) (* -1.125 (* (/ 1.0 b) (pow (/ c (/ b a)) 2.0)))) (* a 3.0)))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return ((-1.5 * ((c * a) / b)) + (-1.125 * ((1.0 / b) * pow((c / (b / a)), 2.0)))) / (a * 3.0);
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = (((-1.5d0) * ((c * a) / b)) + ((-1.125d0) * ((1.0d0 / b) * ((c / (b / a)) ** 2.0d0)))) / (a * 3.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return ((-1.5 * ((c * a) / b)) + (-1.125 * ((1.0 / b) * Math.pow((c / (b / a)), 2.0)))) / (a * 3.0);
}
def code(a, b, c): return ((-1.5 * ((c * a) / b)) + (-1.125 * ((1.0 / b) * math.pow((c / (b / a)), 2.0)))) / (a * 3.0)
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(Float64(Float64(-1.5 * Float64(Float64(c * a) / b)) + Float64(-1.125 * Float64(Float64(1.0 / b) * (Float64(c / Float64(b / a)) ^ 2.0)))) / Float64(a * 3.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = ((-1.5 * ((c * a) / b)) + (-1.125 * ((1.0 / b) * ((c / (b / a)) ^ 2.0)))) / (a * 3.0); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[(N[(-1.5 * N[(N[(c * a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.125 * N[(N[(1.0 / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[N[(c / N[(b / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * 3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{-1.5 \cdot \frac{c \cdot a}{b} + -1.125 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{b} \cdot {\left(\frac{c}{\frac{b}{a}}\right)}^{2}\right)}{a \cdot 3}
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* c (+ (* (/ c (pow b 3.0)) (* a -1.125)) (/ -1.5 b)))))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return 0.3333333333333333 * (c * (((c / pow(b, 3.0)) * (a * -1.125)) + (-1.5 / b)));
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = 0.3333333333333333d0 * (c * (((c / (b ** 3.0d0)) * (a * (-1.125d0))) + ((-1.5d0) / b)))
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return 0.3333333333333333 * (c * (((c / Math.pow(b, 3.0)) * (a * -1.125)) + (-1.5 / b)));
}
def code(a, b, c): return 0.3333333333333333 * (c * (((c / math.pow(b, 3.0)) * (a * -1.125)) + (-1.5 / b)))
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(c * Float64(Float64(Float64(c / (b ^ 3.0)) * Float64(a * -1.125)) + Float64(-1.5 / b)))) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = 0.3333333333333333 * (c * (((c / (b ^ 3.0)) * (a * -1.125)) + (-1.5 / b))); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(c * N[(N[(N[(c / N[Power[b, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * -1.125), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.5 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(c \cdot \left(\frac{c}{{b}^{3}} \cdot \left(a \cdot -1.125\right) + \frac{-1.5}{b}\right)\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (a b c) :precision binary64 (* -0.5 (/ c b)))
double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return -0.5 * (c / b);
}
real(8) function code(a, b, c)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: b
real(8), intent (in) :: c
code = (-0.5d0) * (c / b)
end function
public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
return -0.5 * (c / b);
}
def code(a, b, c): return -0.5 * (c / b)
function code(a, b, c) return Float64(-0.5 * Float64(c / b)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, c) tmp = -0.5 * (c / b); end
code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(-0.5 * N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-0.5 \cdot \frac{c}{b}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024010
(FPCore (a b c)
:name "Cubic critical, medium range"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (and (< 1.1102230246251565e-16 a) (< a 9007199254740992.0)) (and (< 1.1102230246251565e-16 b) (< b 9007199254740992.0))) (and (< 1.1102230246251565e-16 c) (< c 9007199254740992.0)))
(/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* (* 3.0 a) c)))) (* 3.0 a)))