
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* (/ (- x y) (hypot x y)) (/ (+ x y) (hypot x y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y));
}
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) / Math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / Math.hypot(x, y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) / math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / math.hypot(x, y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * Float64(Float64(x + y) / hypot(x, y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y)
:precision binary64
(if (<= y 1.6e-162)
(+ 1.0 (/ -2.0 (/ (/ x y) (/ y x))))
(if (<= y 1.95e-10)
(/ (+ (* y (- x y)) (* x (- x y))) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))
-1.0)))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.6e-162) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else if (y <= 1.95e-10) {
tmp = ((y * (x - y)) + (x * (x - y))) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 1.6d-162) then
tmp = 1.0d0 + ((-2.0d0) / ((x / y) / (y / x)))
else if (y <= 1.95d-10) then
tmp = ((y * (x - y)) + (x * (x - y))) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.6e-162) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else if (y <= 1.95e-10) {
tmp = ((y * (x - y)) + (x * (x - y))) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 1.6e-162: tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))) elif y <= 1.95e-10: tmp = ((y * (x - y)) + (x * (x - y))) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 1.6e-162) tmp = Float64(1.0 + Float64(-2.0 / Float64(Float64(x / y) / Float64(y / x)))); elseif (y <= 1.95e-10) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(y * Float64(x - y)) + Float64(x * Float64(x - y))) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))); else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 1.6e-162) tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))); elseif (y <= 1.95e-10) tmp = ((y * (x - y)) + (x * (x - y))) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 1.6e-162], N[(1.0 + N[(-2.0 / N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] / N[(y / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[y, 1.95e-10], N[(N[(N[(y * N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], -1.0]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 1.6 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \frac{-2}{\frac{\frac{x}{y}}{\frac{y}{x}}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 1.95 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{y \cdot \left(x - y\right) + x \cdot \left(x - y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 1.6e-162) (+ 1.0 (/ -2.0 (/ (/ x y) (/ y x)))) (if (<= y 5e-13) (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) -1.0)))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.6e-162) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else if (y <= 5e-13) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 1.6d-162) then
tmp = 1.0d0 + ((-2.0d0) / ((x / y) / (y / x)))
else if (y <= 5d-13) then
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.6e-162) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else if (y <= 5e-13) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 1.6e-162: tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))) elif y <= 5e-13: tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 1.6e-162) tmp = Float64(1.0 + Float64(-2.0 / Float64(Float64(x / y) / Float64(y / x)))); elseif (y <= 5e-13) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))); else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 1.6e-162) tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))); elseif (y <= 5e-13) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 1.6e-162], N[(1.0 + N[(-2.0 / N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] / N[(y / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[y, 5e-13], N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], -1.0]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 1.6 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \frac{-2}{\frac{\frac{x}{y}}{\frac{y}{x}}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-13}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 1.7e-126) (+ 1.0 (/ -2.0 (/ (/ x y) (/ y x)))) -1.0))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.7e-126) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 1.7d-126) then
tmp = 1.0d0 + ((-2.0d0) / ((x / y) / (y / x)))
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.7e-126) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 1.7e-126: tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))) else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 1.7e-126) tmp = Float64(1.0 + Float64(-2.0 / Float64(Float64(x / y) / Float64(y / x)))); else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 1.7e-126) tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))); else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 1.7e-126], N[(1.0 + N[(-2.0 / N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] / N[(y / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], -1.0]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 1.7 \cdot 10^{-126}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \frac{-2}{\frac{\frac{x}{y}}{\frac{y}{x}}}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 3.6e-161) (+ 1.0 (/ -2.0 (/ (/ x y) (/ y x)))) (+ -1.0 (* 2.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 3.6e-161) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else {
tmp = -1.0 + (2.0 * ((x / y) * (x / y)));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 3.6d-161) then
tmp = 1.0d0 + ((-2.0d0) / ((x / y) / (y / x)))
else
tmp = (-1.0d0) + (2.0d0 * ((x / y) * (x / y)))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 3.6e-161) {
tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x)));
} else {
tmp = -1.0 + (2.0 * ((x / y) * (x / y)));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 3.6e-161: tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))) else: tmp = -1.0 + (2.0 * ((x / y) * (x / y))) return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 3.6e-161) tmp = Float64(1.0 + Float64(-2.0 / Float64(Float64(x / y) / Float64(y / x)))); else tmp = Float64(-1.0 + Float64(2.0 * Float64(Float64(x / y) * Float64(x / y)))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 3.6e-161) tmp = 1.0 + (-2.0 / ((x / y) / (y / x))); else tmp = -1.0 + (2.0 * ((x / y) * (x / y))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 3.6e-161], N[(1.0 + N[(-2.0 / N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] / N[(y / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(-1.0 + N[(2.0 * N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 3.6 \cdot 10^{-161}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 + \frac{-2}{\frac{\frac{x}{y}}{\frac{y}{x}}}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1 + 2 \cdot \left(\frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 1.22e-126) 1.0 -1.0))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.22e-126) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 1.22d-126) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.22e-126) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 1.22e-126: tmp = 1.0 else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 1.22e-126) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 1.22e-126) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 1.22e-126], 1.0, -1.0]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 1.22 \cdot 10^{-126}:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x, double y) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x, y): return -1.0
function code(x, y) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_, y_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (fabs (/ x y))))
(if (and (< 0.5 t_0) (< t_0 2.0))
(/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))
(- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = fabs((x / y));
double tmp;
if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = abs((x / y))
if ((0.5d0 < t_0) .and. (t_0 < 2.0d0)) then
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
else
tmp = 1.0d0 - (2.0d0 / (1.0d0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = Math.abs((x / y));
double tmp;
if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): t_0 = math.fabs((x / y)) tmp = 0 if (0.5 < t_0) and (t_0 < 2.0): tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) else: tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y)))) return tmp
function code(x, y) t_0 = abs(Float64(x / y)) tmp = 0.0 if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))); else tmp = Float64(1.0 - Float64(2.0 / Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x / y) * Float64(x / y))))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) t_0 = abs((x / y)); tmp = 0.0; if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); else tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Abs[N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[And[Less[0.5, t$95$0], Less[t$95$0, 2.0]], N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 - N[(2.0 / N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left|\frac{x}{y}\right|\\
\mathbf{if}\;0.5 < t_0 \land t_0 < 2:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 - \frac{2}{1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024006
(FPCore (x y)
:name "Kahan p9 Example"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (< 0.0 x) (< x 1.0)) (< y 1.0))
:herbie-target
(if (and (< 0.5 (fabs (/ x y))) (< (fabs (/ x y)) 2.0)) (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) (- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))
(/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))