
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) (+ (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = ((double) M_PI) * (angle / 180.0);
return pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = Math.PI * (angle / 180.0);
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = math.pi * (angle / 180.0) return math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(pi * Float64(angle / 180.0)) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = pi * (angle / 180.0); tmp = ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(Pi * N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \pi \cdot \frac{angle}{180}\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos t_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin t_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 9 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a b angle) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) (+ (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0))))
double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = ((double) M_PI) * (angle / 180.0);
return pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle) {
double t_0 = Math.PI * (angle / 180.0);
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0);
}
def code(a, b, angle): t_0 = math.pi * (angle / 180.0) return math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0)
function code(a, b, angle) t_0 = Float64(pi * Float64(angle / 180.0)) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle) t_0 = pi * (angle / 180.0); tmp = ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
code[a_, b_, angle_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(Pi * N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \pi \cdot \frac{angle}{180}\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos t_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin t_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle)
(FPCore (a b angle_m)
:precision binary64
(+
(pow
(*
a
(cos
(/ (* PI (pow (cbrt angle_m) 2.0)) (/ 180.0 (exp (log (cbrt angle_m)))))))
2.0)
(pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle_m 180.0)))) 2.0)))angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow((a * cos(((((double) M_PI) * pow(cbrt(angle_m), 2.0)) / (180.0 / exp(log(cbrt(angle_m))))))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos(((Math.PI * Math.pow(Math.cbrt(angle_m), 2.0)) / (180.0 / Math.exp(Math.log(Math.cbrt(angle_m))))))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(Float64(pi * (cbrt(angle_m) ^ 2.0)) / Float64(180.0 / exp(log(cbrt(angle_m))))))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle_m / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[(Pi * N[Power[N[Power[angle$95$m, 1/3], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(180.0 / N[Exp[N[Log[N[Power[angle$95$m, 1/3], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle$95$m / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\pi \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{angle_m}\right)}^{2}}{\frac{180}{e^{\log \left(\sqrt[3]{angle_m}\right)}}}\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \frac{angle_m}{180}\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle_m 180.0)))) 2.0) (pow (* a (cos (/ (/ PI 180.0) (/ 1.0 angle_m)))) 2.0)))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + pow((a * cos(((((double) M_PI) / 180.0) / (1.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + Math.pow((a * Math.cos(((Math.PI / 180.0) / (1.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow((b * math.sin((math.pi * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + math.pow((a * math.cos(((math.pi / 180.0) / (1.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle_m / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(a * cos(Float64(Float64(pi / 180.0) / Float64(1.0 / angle_m)))) ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = ((b * sin((pi * (angle_m / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + ((a * cos(((pi / 180.0) / (1.0 / angle_m)))) ^ 2.0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle$95$m / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[(Pi / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 / angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \frac{angle_m}{180}\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\frac{\pi}{180}}{\frac{1}{angle_m}}\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* PI (/ angle_m 180.0)))) (+ (pow (* b (sin t_0)) 2.0) (pow (* a (cos t_0)) 2.0))))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
double t_0 = ((double) M_PI) * (angle_m / 180.0);
return pow((b * sin(t_0)), 2.0) + pow((a * cos(t_0)), 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
double t_0 = Math.PI * (angle_m / 180.0);
return Math.pow((b * Math.sin(t_0)), 2.0) + Math.pow((a * Math.cos(t_0)), 2.0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): t_0 = math.pi * (angle_m / 180.0) return math.pow((b * math.sin(t_0)), 2.0) + math.pow((a * math.cos(t_0)), 2.0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) t_0 = Float64(pi * Float64(angle_m / 180.0)) return Float64((Float64(b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) t_0 = pi * (angle_m / 180.0); tmp = ((b * sin(t_0)) ^ 2.0) + ((a * cos(t_0)) ^ 2.0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision]
code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(Pi * N[(angle$95$m / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \pi \cdot \frac{angle_m}{180}\\
{\left(b \cdot \sin t_0\right)}^{2} + {\left(a \cdot \cos t_0\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* a (cos (/ PI (/ -180.0 angle_m)))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* PI (* angle_m 0.005555555555555556)))) 2.0)))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow((a * cos((((double) M_PI) / (-180.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle_m * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow((a * Math.cos((Math.PI / (-180.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle_m * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow((a * math.cos((math.pi / (-180.0 / angle_m)))), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin((math.pi * (angle_m * 0.005555555555555556)))), 2.0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(pi / Float64(-180.0 / angle_m)))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle_m * 0.005555555555555556)))) ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = ((a * cos((pi / (-180.0 / angle_m)))) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin((pi * (angle_m * 0.005555555555555556)))) ^ 2.0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(Pi / N[(-180.0 / angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle$95$m * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{\frac{-180}{angle_m}}\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \left(angle_m \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* 0.005555555555555556 (* PI angle_m)))) 2.0)))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + pow((b * sin((0.005555555555555556 * (((double) M_PI) * angle_m)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin((0.005555555555555556 * (Math.PI * angle_m)))), 2.0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin((0.005555555555555556 * (math.pi * angle_m)))), 2.0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(0.005555555555555556 * Float64(pi * angle_m)))) ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin((0.005555555555555556 * (pi * angle_m)))) ^ 2.0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(0.005555555555555556 * N[(Pi * angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{a}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(\pi \cdot angle_m\right)\right)\right)}^{2}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle_m 180.0)))) 2.0) (pow a 2.0)))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow((b * sin((((double) M_PI) * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + pow(a, 2.0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow((b * Math.sin((Math.PI * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + Math.pow(a, 2.0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow((b * math.sin((math.pi * (angle_m / 180.0)))), 2.0) + math.pow(a, 2.0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((Float64(b * sin(Float64(pi * Float64(angle_m / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + (a ^ 2.0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = ((b * sin((pi * (angle_m / 180.0)))) ^ 2.0) + (a ^ 2.0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(Pi * N[(angle$95$m / 180.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\pi \cdot \frac{angle_m}{180}\right)\right)}^{2} + {a}^{2}
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* (* b 0.005555555555555556) (* (* PI angle_m) (* 0.005555555555555556 (* angle_m (* PI b)))))))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((((double) M_PI) * angle_m) * (0.005555555555555556 * (angle_m * (((double) M_PI) * b)))));
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((Math.PI * angle_m) * (0.005555555555555556 * (angle_m * (Math.PI * b)))));
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((math.pi * angle_m) * (0.005555555555555556 * (angle_m * (math.pi * b)))))
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(b * 0.005555555555555556) * Float64(Float64(pi * angle_m) * Float64(0.005555555555555556 * Float64(angle_m * Float64(pi * b)))))) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((pi * angle_m) * (0.005555555555555556 * (angle_m * (pi * b))))); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(Pi * angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.005555555555555556 * N[(angle$95$m * N[(Pi * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{a}^{2} + \left(b \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right) \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle_m\right) \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle_m \cdot \left(\pi \cdot b\right)\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (+ (pow a 2.0) (* (* b 0.005555555555555556) (* (* PI angle_m) (* angle_m (* b (* PI 0.005555555555555556)))))))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((((double) M_PI) * angle_m) * (angle_m * (b * (((double) M_PI) * 0.005555555555555556)))));
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((Math.PI * angle_m) * (angle_m * (b * (Math.PI * 0.005555555555555556)))));
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): return math.pow(a, 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((math.pi * angle_m) * (angle_m * (b * (math.pi * 0.005555555555555556)))))
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(Float64(b * 0.005555555555555556) * Float64(Float64(pi * angle_m) * Float64(angle_m * Float64(b * Float64(pi * 0.005555555555555556)))))) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + ((b * 0.005555555555555556) * ((pi * angle_m) * (angle_m * (b * (pi * 0.005555555555555556))))); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision] code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(b * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(Pi * angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(angle$95$m * N[(b * N[(Pi * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
{a}^{2} + \left(b \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right) \cdot \left(\left(\pi \cdot angle_m\right) \cdot \left(angle_m \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(\pi \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\right)\right)\right)
\end{array}
angle_m = (fabs.f64 angle) (FPCore (a b angle_m) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (* (* PI angle_m) (* b 0.005555555555555556)))) (+ (pow a 2.0) (* t_0 t_0))))
angle_m = fabs(angle);
double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
double t_0 = (((double) M_PI) * angle_m) * (b * 0.005555555555555556);
return pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0);
}
angle_m = Math.abs(angle);
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle_m) {
double t_0 = (Math.PI * angle_m) * (b * 0.005555555555555556);
return Math.pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0);
}
angle_m = math.fabs(angle) def code(a, b, angle_m): t_0 = (math.pi * angle_m) * (b * 0.005555555555555556) return math.pow(a, 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0)
angle_m = abs(angle) function code(a, b, angle_m) t_0 = Float64(Float64(pi * angle_m) * Float64(b * 0.005555555555555556)) return Float64((a ^ 2.0) + Float64(t_0 * t_0)) end
angle_m = abs(angle); function tmp = code(a, b, angle_m) t_0 = (pi * angle_m) * (b * 0.005555555555555556); tmp = (a ^ 2.0) + (t_0 * t_0); end
angle_m = N[Abs[angle], $MachinePrecision]
code[a_, b_, angle$95$m_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(Pi * angle$95$m), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * 0.005555555555555556), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
angle_m = \left|angle\right|
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(\pi \cdot angle_m\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot 0.005555555555555556\right)\\
{a}^{2} + t_0 \cdot t_0
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024006
(FPCore (a b angle)
:name "ab-angle->ABCF C"
:precision binary64
(+ (pow (* a (cos (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* PI (/ angle 180.0)))) 2.0)))