
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 10 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)
function code(x, eps) return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (fma (cos x) (sin eps) (* (sin x) (+ (cos eps) -1.0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return fma(cos(x), sin(eps), (sin(x) * (cos(eps) + -1.0)));
}
function code(x, eps) return fma(cos(x), sin(eps), Float64(sin(x) * Float64(cos(eps) + -1.0))) end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision] + -1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x, \sin \varepsilon, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -0.04) (not (<= t_0 5e-36)))
t_0
(* (cos x) (* 2.0 (sin (* eps 0.5)))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
double t_0 = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.04) || !(t_0 <= 5e-36)) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = cos(x) * (2.0 * sin((eps * 0.5)));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
if ((t_0 <= (-0.04d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 5d-36))) then
tmp = t_0
else
tmp = cos(x) * (2.0d0 * sin((eps * 0.5d0)))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double t_0 = Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.04) || !(t_0 <= 5e-36)) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = Math.cos(x) * (2.0 * Math.sin((eps * 0.5)));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): t_0 = math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -0.04) or not (t_0 <= 5e-36): tmp = t_0 else: tmp = math.cos(x) * (2.0 * math.sin((eps * 0.5))) return tmp
function code(x, eps) t_0 = Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x)) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -0.04) || !(t_0 <= 5e-36)) tmp = t_0; else tmp = Float64(cos(x) * Float64(2.0 * sin(Float64(eps * 0.5)))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) t_0 = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -0.04) || ~((t_0 <= 5e-36))) tmp = t_0; else tmp = cos(x) * (2.0 * sin((eps * 0.5))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.04], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 5e-36]], $MachinePrecision]], t$95$0, N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(2.0 * N[Sin[N[(eps * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.04 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-36}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;t_0\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (* (cos x) (sin eps)) (* (sin x) (- 1.0 (cos eps)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return (cos(x) * sin(eps)) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps)));
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = (cos(x) * sin(eps)) - (sin(x) * (1.0d0 - cos(eps)))
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return (Math.cos(x) * Math.sin(eps)) - (Math.sin(x) * (1.0 - Math.cos(eps)));
}
def code(x, eps): return (math.cos(x) * math.sin(eps)) - (math.sin(x) * (1.0 - math.cos(eps)))
function code(x, eps) return Float64(Float64(cos(x) * sin(eps)) - Float64(sin(x) * Float64(1.0 - cos(eps)))) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = (cos(x) * sin(eps)) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps))); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \left(1 - \cos \varepsilon\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= eps -0.0016) (not (<= eps 0.0002))) (- (sin eps) (* (sin x) (- 1.0 (cos eps)))) (+ (* -0.5 (* (sin x) (pow eps 2.0))) (* (cos x) eps))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0016) || !(eps <= 0.0002)) {
tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps)));
} else {
tmp = (-0.5 * (sin(x) * pow(eps, 2.0))) + (cos(x) * eps);
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: tmp
if ((eps <= (-0.0016d0)) .or. (.not. (eps <= 0.0002d0))) then
tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0d0 - cos(eps)))
else
tmp = ((-0.5d0) * (sin(x) * (eps ** 2.0d0))) + (cos(x) * eps)
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0016) || !(eps <= 0.0002)) {
tmp = Math.sin(eps) - (Math.sin(x) * (1.0 - Math.cos(eps)));
} else {
tmp = (-0.5 * (Math.sin(x) * Math.pow(eps, 2.0))) + (Math.cos(x) * eps);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): tmp = 0 if (eps <= -0.0016) or not (eps <= 0.0002): tmp = math.sin(eps) - (math.sin(x) * (1.0 - math.cos(eps))) else: tmp = (-0.5 * (math.sin(x) * math.pow(eps, 2.0))) + (math.cos(x) * eps) return tmp
function code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0 if ((eps <= -0.0016) || !(eps <= 0.0002)) tmp = Float64(sin(eps) - Float64(sin(x) * Float64(1.0 - cos(eps)))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(-0.5 * Float64(sin(x) * (eps ^ 2.0))) + Float64(cos(x) * eps)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0; if ((eps <= -0.0016) || ~((eps <= 0.0002))) tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps))); else tmp = (-0.5 * (sin(x) * (eps ^ 2.0))) + (cos(x) * eps); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := If[Or[LessEqual[eps, -0.0016], N[Not[LessEqual[eps, 0.0002]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(-0.5 * N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[eps, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.0016 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \leq 0.0002\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \left(1 - \cos \varepsilon\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-0.5 \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) + \cos x \cdot \varepsilon\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (sin x) (- 1.0 (cos eps)))))
(if (or (<= eps -0.0014) (not (<= eps 0.0001)))
(- (sin eps) t_0)
(- (* (cos x) eps) t_0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
double t_0 = sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps));
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0014) || !(eps <= 0.0001)) {
tmp = sin(eps) - t_0;
} else {
tmp = (cos(x) * eps) - t_0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = sin(x) * (1.0d0 - cos(eps))
if ((eps <= (-0.0014d0)) .or. (.not. (eps <= 0.0001d0))) then
tmp = sin(eps) - t_0
else
tmp = (cos(x) * eps) - t_0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double t_0 = Math.sin(x) * (1.0 - Math.cos(eps));
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0014) || !(eps <= 0.0001)) {
tmp = Math.sin(eps) - t_0;
} else {
tmp = (Math.cos(x) * eps) - t_0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): t_0 = math.sin(x) * (1.0 - math.cos(eps)) tmp = 0 if (eps <= -0.0014) or not (eps <= 0.0001): tmp = math.sin(eps) - t_0 else: tmp = (math.cos(x) * eps) - t_0 return tmp
function code(x, eps) t_0 = Float64(sin(x) * Float64(1.0 - cos(eps))) tmp = 0.0 if ((eps <= -0.0014) || !(eps <= 0.0001)) tmp = Float64(sin(eps) - t_0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(cos(x) * eps) - t_0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) t_0 = sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps)); tmp = 0.0; if ((eps <= -0.0014) || ~((eps <= 0.0001))) tmp = sin(eps) - t_0; else tmp = (cos(x) * eps) - t_0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[eps, -0.0014], N[Not[LessEqual[eps, 0.0001]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision] - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sin x \cdot \left(1 - \cos \varepsilon\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.0014 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \leq 0.0001\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon - t_0\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \varepsilon - t_0\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= eps -0.0015) (not (<= eps 3.5e-6))) (- (sin eps) (* (sin x) (- 1.0 (cos eps)))) (* (cos x) eps)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0015) || !(eps <= 3.5e-6)) {
tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps)));
} else {
tmp = cos(x) * eps;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: tmp
if ((eps <= (-0.0015d0)) .or. (.not. (eps <= 3.5d-6))) then
tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0d0 - cos(eps)))
else
tmp = cos(x) * eps
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.0015) || !(eps <= 3.5e-6)) {
tmp = Math.sin(eps) - (Math.sin(x) * (1.0 - Math.cos(eps)));
} else {
tmp = Math.cos(x) * eps;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): tmp = 0 if (eps <= -0.0015) or not (eps <= 3.5e-6): tmp = math.sin(eps) - (math.sin(x) * (1.0 - math.cos(eps))) else: tmp = math.cos(x) * eps return tmp
function code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0 if ((eps <= -0.0015) || !(eps <= 3.5e-6)) tmp = Float64(sin(eps) - Float64(sin(x) * Float64(1.0 - cos(eps)))); else tmp = Float64(cos(x) * eps); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0; if ((eps <= -0.0015) || ~((eps <= 3.5e-6))) tmp = sin(eps) - (sin(x) * (1.0 - cos(eps))); else tmp = cos(x) * eps; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := If[Or[LessEqual[eps, -0.0015], N[Not[LessEqual[eps, 3.5e-6]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.0015 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \leq 3.5 \cdot 10^{-6}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \left(1 - \cos \varepsilon\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \varepsilon\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (* (cos (* 0.5 (fma 2.0 x eps))) (* 2.0 (sin (* eps 0.5)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return cos((0.5 * fma(2.0, x, eps))) * (2.0 * sin((eps * 0.5)));
}
function code(x, eps) return Float64(cos(Float64(0.5 * fma(2.0, x, eps))) * Float64(2.0 * sin(Float64(eps * 0.5)))) end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(2.0 * x + eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(2.0 * N[Sin[N[(eps * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(2, x, \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot \sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot 0.5\right)\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= eps -0.02) (not (<= eps 1950000.0))) (sin eps) (* (cos x) eps)))
double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.02) || !(eps <= 1950000.0)) {
tmp = sin(eps);
} else {
tmp = cos(x) * eps;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: tmp
if ((eps <= (-0.02d0)) .or. (.not. (eps <= 1950000.0d0))) then
tmp = sin(eps)
else
tmp = cos(x) * eps
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if ((eps <= -0.02) || !(eps <= 1950000.0)) {
tmp = Math.sin(eps);
} else {
tmp = Math.cos(x) * eps;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): tmp = 0 if (eps <= -0.02) or not (eps <= 1950000.0): tmp = math.sin(eps) else: tmp = math.cos(x) * eps return tmp
function code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0 if ((eps <= -0.02) || !(eps <= 1950000.0)) tmp = sin(eps); else tmp = Float64(cos(x) * eps); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0; if ((eps <= -0.02) || ~((eps <= 1950000.0))) tmp = sin(eps); else tmp = cos(x) * eps; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := If[Or[LessEqual[eps, -0.02], N[Not[LessEqual[eps, 1950000.0]], $MachinePrecision]], N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * eps), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.02 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \leq 1950000\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \varepsilon\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (sin eps))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return sin(eps);
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = sin(eps)
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.sin(eps);
}
def code(x, eps): return math.sin(eps)
function code(x, eps) return sin(eps) end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = sin(eps); end
code[x_, eps_] := N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sin \varepsilon
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 eps)
double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = eps
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return eps;
}
def code(x, eps): return eps
function code(x, eps) return eps end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = eps; end
code[x_, eps_] := eps
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\varepsilon
\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (fma (sin x) (- (cos eps) 1.0) (* (sin eps) (cos x))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
return fma(sin(x), (cos(eps) - 1.0), (sin(eps) * cos(x)));
}
function code(x, eps) return fma(sin(x), Float64(cos(eps) - 1.0), Float64(sin(eps) * cos(x))) end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin x, \cos \varepsilon - 1, \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right)
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2024003
(FPCore (x eps)
:name "2sin (example 3.3)"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(fma (sin x) (- (cos eps) 1.0) (* (sin eps) (cos x)))
(- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))