expfmod (used to be hard to sample)

Percentage Accurate: 6.7% → 42.7%
Time: 16.0s
Alternatives: 10
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot e^{-x} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (fmod (exp x) (sqrt (cos x))) (exp (- x))))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(-x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(-x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), math.sqrt(math.cos(x))) * math.exp(-x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(Float64(-x)))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[Sqrt[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot e^{-x}
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 10 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 6.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot e^{-x} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (fmod (exp x) (sqrt (cos x))) (exp (- x))))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(-x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(-x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), math.sqrt(math.cos(x))) * math.exp(-x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * exp(Float64(-x)))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[Sqrt[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot e^{-x}
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 42.7% accurate, 0.6× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot \log \left(\sqrt[3]{e^{\sqrt{\cos x}}}\right)\right)\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (fmod (exp x) (* 3.0 (log (cbrt (exp (sqrt (cos x))))))) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), (3.0 * log(cbrt(exp(sqrt(cos(x))))))) / exp(x);
}

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), Float64(3.0 * log(cbrt(exp(sqrt(cos(x))))))) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[(3.0 * N[Log[N[Power[N[Exp[N[Sqrt[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 1/3], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot \log \left(\sqrt[3]{e^{\sqrt{\cos x}}}\right)\right)\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 2: 42.3% accurate, 0.8× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot \log \left(\sqrt[3]{e}\right)\right)\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (fmod (exp x) (* 3.0 (log (cbrt E)))) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), (3.0 * log(cbrt(((double) M_E))))) / exp(x);
}

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), Float64(3.0 * log(cbrt(exp(1))))) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[(3.0 * N[Log[N[Power[E, 1/3], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot \log \left(\sqrt[3]{e}\right)\right)\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 3: 8.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{0.3333333333333333}\right)}^{3}\right)\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (fmod (exp x) (* 3.0 (pow (cbrt 0.3333333333333333) 3.0))) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), (3.0 * pow(cbrt(0.3333333333333333), 3.0))) / exp(x);
}

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), Float64(3.0 * (cbrt(0.3333333333333333) ^ 3.0))) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[(3.0 * N[Power[N[Power[0.3333333333333333, 1/3], $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(3 \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{0.3333333333333333}\right)}^{3}\right)\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 4: 6.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (* (fmod (exp x) (sqrt (cos x))) (/ 1.0 (exp x))))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * (1.0 / exp(x));
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * (1.0d0 / exp(x))
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), math.sqrt(math.cos(x))) * (1.0 / math.exp(x))

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) * Float64(1.0 / exp(x)))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[Sqrt[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 5: 6.8% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (fmod (exp x) (sqrt (cos x))) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) / exp(x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) / exp(x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), math.sqrt(math.cos(x))) / math.exp(x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), sqrt(cos(x))) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[Sqrt[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(\sqrt{\cos x}\right)\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 6: 6.6% accurate, 1.2× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot -0.25\right)\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (fmod (exp x) (+ 1.0 (* (pow x 2.0) -0.25))) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), (1.0 + (pow(x, 2.0) * -0.25))) / exp(x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), (1.0d0 + ((x ** 2.0d0) * (-0.25d0)))) / exp(x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), (1.0 + (math.pow(x, 2.0) * -0.25))) / math.exp(x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), Float64(1.0 + Float64((x ^ 2.0) * -0.25))) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = N[(1.0 + N[(N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * -0.25), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod \left(1 + {x}^{2} \cdot -0.25\right)\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 7: 6.3% accurate, 1.3× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ e^{\log \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right) - x} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (exp (- (log (fmod (exp x) 1.0)) x)))
double code(double x) {
	return exp((log(fmod(exp(x), 1.0)) - x));
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = exp((log(mod(exp(x), 1.0d0)) - x))
end function

def code(x):
	return math.exp((math.log(math.fmod(math.exp(x), 1.0)) - x))

function code(x)
	return exp(Float64(log(rem(exp(x), 1.0)) - x))
end

code[x_] := N[Exp[N[(N[Log[N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = 1.0}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
e^{\log \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right) - x}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 8: 6.3% accurate, 1.7× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right)}{e^{x}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (fmod (exp x) 1.0) (exp x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), 1.0) / exp(x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), 1.0d0) / exp(x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), 1.0) / math.exp(x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), 1.0) / exp(x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = 1.0}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] / N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right)}{e^{x}}
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 9: 5.8% accurate, 2.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - x\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* (fmod (exp x) 1.0) (- 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), 1.0) * (1.0 - x);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), 1.0d0) * (1.0d0 - x)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), 1.0) * (1.0 - x)

function code(x)
	return Float64(rem(exp(x), 1.0) * Float64(1.0 - x))
end

code[x_] := N[(N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = 1.0}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - x\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Alternative 10: 5.4% accurate, 2.5× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (fmod (exp x) 1.0))
double code(double x) {
	return fmod(exp(x), 1.0);
}

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = mod(exp(x), 1.0d0)
end function

def code(x):
	return math.fmod(math.exp(x), 1.0)

function code(x)
	return rem(exp(x), 1.0)
end

code[x_] := N[With[{TMP1 = N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision], TMP2 = 1.0}, Mod[Abs[TMP1], Abs[TMP2]] * Sign[TMP1]], $MachinePrecision]

\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\left(e^{x}\right) \bmod 1\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
    &prev;&pcontext;&pcontext2;&ctx;
  1. Add Preprocessing

Reproduce

?
herbie shell --seed 2023364 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "expfmod (used to be hard to sample)"
  :precision binary64
  (* (fmod (exp x) (sqrt (cos x))) (exp (- x))))