
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (* (/ (- x y) (hypot x y)) (/ (+ x y) (hypot x y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y));
}
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return ((x - y) / Math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / Math.hypot(x, y));
}
def code(x, y): return ((x - y) / math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / math.hypot(x, y))
function code(x, y) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * Float64(Float64(x + y) / hypot(x, y))) end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y)); end
code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (- x y) (+ x y))))
(if (<= (/ t_0 (+ (* x x) (* y y))) 2.0)
(/ t_0 (fma x x (* y y)))
(* (/ (- x y) (hypot x y)) (+ (/ x y) 1.0)))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = (x - y) * (x + y);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 / ((x * x) + (y * y))) <= 2.0) {
tmp = t_0 / fma(x, x, (y * y));
} else {
tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x / y) + 1.0);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x, y) t_0 = Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(t_0 / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) <= 2.0) tmp = Float64(t_0 / fma(x, x, Float64(y * y))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * Float64(Float64(x / y) + 1.0)); end return tmp end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(t$95$0 / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], N[(t$95$0 / N[(x * x + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;\frac{t_0}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \leq 2:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, y \cdot y\right)}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{x}{y} + 1\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))) (if (<= t_0 2.0) t_0 (* (/ (- x y) (hypot x y)) (+ (/ x y) 1.0)))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
double tmp;
if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x / y) + 1.0);
}
return tmp;
}
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
double tmp;
if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = ((x - y) / Math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x / y) + 1.0);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) tmp = 0 if t_0 <= 2.0: tmp = t_0 else: tmp = ((x - y) / math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x / y) + 1.0) return tmp
function code(x, y) t_0 = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) tmp = 0.0 if (t_0 <= 2.0) tmp = t_0; else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * Float64(Float64(x / y) + 1.0)); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); tmp = 0.0; if (t_0 <= 2.0) tmp = t_0; else tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x / y) + 1.0); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2.0], t$95$0, N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq 2:\\
\;\;\;\;t_0\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{x}{y} + 1\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))) (if (<= t_0 2.0) t_0 (/ (- x y) y))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
double tmp;
if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = (x - y) / y;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
if (t_0 <= 2.0d0) then
tmp = t_0
else
tmp = (x - y) / y
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
double tmp;
if (t_0 <= 2.0) {
tmp = t_0;
} else {
tmp = (x - y) / y;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) tmp = 0 if t_0 <= 2.0: tmp = t_0 else: tmp = (x - y) / y return tmp
function code(x, y) t_0 = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))) tmp = 0.0 if (t_0 <= 2.0) tmp = t_0; else tmp = Float64(Float64(x - y) / y); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) t_0 = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); tmp = 0.0; if (t_0 <= 2.0) tmp = t_0; else tmp = (x - y) / y; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2.0], t$95$0, N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / y), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq 2:\\
\;\;\;\;t_0\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x - y}{y}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 4.3e-181) 1.0 (if (<= y 4.2e-150) (/ (- x y) y) (if (<= y 2.5e-120) 1.0 -1.0))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 4.3e-181) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else if (y <= 4.2e-150) {
tmp = (x - y) / y;
} else if (y <= 2.5e-120) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 4.3d-181) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else if (y <= 4.2d-150) then
tmp = (x - y) / y
else if (y <= 2.5d-120) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 4.3e-181) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else if (y <= 4.2e-150) {
tmp = (x - y) / y;
} else if (y <= 2.5e-120) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 4.3e-181: tmp = 1.0 elif y <= 4.2e-150: tmp = (x - y) / y elif y <= 2.5e-120: tmp = 1.0 else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 4.3e-181) tmp = 1.0; elseif (y <= 4.2e-150) tmp = Float64(Float64(x - y) / y); elseif (y <= 2.5e-120) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 4.3e-181) tmp = 1.0; elseif (y <= 4.2e-150) tmp = (x - y) / y; elseif (y <= 2.5e-120) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 4.3e-181], 1.0, If[LessEqual[y, 4.2e-150], N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / y), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[y, 2.5e-120], 1.0, -1.0]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 4.3 \cdot 10^{-181}:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 4.2 \cdot 10^{-150}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x - y}{y}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.5 \cdot 10^{-120}:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (if (<= y 1.3e-179) 1.0 (if (<= y 1.85e-151) -1.0 (if (<= y 2.25e-125) 1.0 -1.0))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.3e-179) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else if (y <= 1.85e-151) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else if (y <= 2.25e-125) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: tmp
if (y <= 1.3d-179) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else if (y <= 1.85d-151) then
tmp = -1.0d0
else if (y <= 2.25d-125) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else
tmp = -1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double tmp;
if (y <= 1.3e-179) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else if (y <= 1.85e-151) {
tmp = -1.0;
} else if (y <= 2.25e-125) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = -1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): tmp = 0 if y <= 1.3e-179: tmp = 1.0 elif y <= 1.85e-151: tmp = -1.0 elif y <= 2.25e-125: tmp = 1.0 else: tmp = -1.0 return tmp
function code(x, y) tmp = 0.0 if (y <= 1.3e-179) tmp = 1.0; elseif (y <= 1.85e-151) tmp = -1.0; elseif (y <= 2.25e-125) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) tmp = 0.0; if (y <= 1.3e-179) tmp = 1.0; elseif (y <= 1.85e-151) tmp = -1.0; elseif (y <= 2.25e-125) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = -1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := If[LessEqual[y, 1.3e-179], 1.0, If[LessEqual[y, 1.85e-151], -1.0, If[LessEqual[y, 2.25e-125], 1.0, -1.0]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;y \leq 1.3 \cdot 10^{-179}:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 1.85 \cdot 10^{-151}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.25 \cdot 10^{-125}:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x, double y) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x, y): return -1.0
function code(x, y) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x, y) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_, y_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
(FPCore (x y)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (fabs (/ x y))))
(if (and (< 0.5 t_0) (< t_0 2.0))
(/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y)))
(- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))))
double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = fabs((x / y));
double tmp;
if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, y)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: y
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = abs((x / y))
if ((0.5d0 < t_0) .and. (t_0 < 2.0d0)) then
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))
else
tmp = 1.0d0 - (2.0d0 / (1.0d0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double y) {
double t_0 = Math.abs((x / y));
double tmp;
if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) {
tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
} else {
tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y))));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, y): t_0 = math.fabs((x / y)) tmp = 0 if (0.5 < t_0) and (t_0 < 2.0): tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)) else: tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y)))) return tmp
function code(x, y) t_0 = abs(Float64(x / y)) tmp = 0.0 if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y))); else tmp = Float64(1.0 - Float64(2.0 / Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x / y) * Float64(x / y))))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x, y) t_0 = abs((x / y)); tmp = 0.0; if ((0.5 < t_0) && (t_0 < 2.0)) tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y)); else tmp = 1.0 - (2.0 / (1.0 + ((x / y) * (x / y)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, y_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Abs[N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[And[Less[0.5, t$95$0], Less[t$95$0, 2.0]], N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 - N[(2.0 / N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x / y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \left|\frac{x}{y}\right|\\
\mathbf{if}\;0.5 < t_0 \land t_0 < 2:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;1 - \frac{2}{1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023347
(FPCore (x y)
:name "Kahan p9 Example"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (< 0.0 x) (< x 1.0)) (< y 1.0))
:herbie-target
(if (and (< 0.5 (fabs (/ x y))) (< (fabs (/ x y)) 2.0)) (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) (- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))
(/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))