
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (asinh x))
float code(float x) {
return asinhf(x);
}
function code(x) return asinh(x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = asinh(x); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\sinh^{-1} x
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary32 precision:
Herbie found 11 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))
float code(float x) {
return copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + sqrtf(((x * x) + 1.0f)))), x);
}
function code(x) return copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(x * x) + Float32(1.0))))), x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + sqrt(((x * x) + single(1.0)))))); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x)))
(if (<= t_0 -0.20000000298023224)
(copysign (log (/ 1.0 (- (hypot 1.0 x) x))) x)
(if (<= t_0 0.004000000189989805)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x)))))
float code(float x) {
float t_0 = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + sqrtf(((x * x) + 1.0f)))), x);
float tmp;
if (t_0 <= -0.20000000298023224f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((1.0f / (hypotf(1.0f, x) - x))), x);
} else if (t_0 <= 0.004000000189989805f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(x * x) + Float32(1.0))))), x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (t_0 <= Float32(-0.20000000298023224)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), x) - x))), x); elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + sqrt(((x * x) + single(1.0)))))); tmp = single(0.0); if (t_0 <= single(-0.20000000298023224)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(1.0) / (hypot(single(1.0), x) - x)))); elseif (t_0 <= single(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + hypot(single(1.0), x)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.20000000298023224:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;t_0 \leq 0.004000000189989805:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -1.0)
(copysign (log (/ 1.0 (- (* x -2.0) (/ 0.5 x)))) x)
(if (<= x 0.004000000189989805)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((1.0f / ((x * -2.0f) - (0.5f / x)))), x);
} else if (x <= 0.004000000189989805f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)) - Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x); elseif (x <= Float32(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(1.0) / ((x * single(-2.0)) - (single(0.5) / x))))); elseif (x <= single(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + hypot(single(1.0), x)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.004000000189989805:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -0.20000000298023224)
(copysign (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x))) x)
(if (<= x 0.004000000189989805)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -0.20000000298023224f) {
tmp = copysignf(-logf((hypotf(1.0f, x) - x)), x);
} else if (x <= 0.004000000189989805f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-0.20000000298023224)) tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), x) - x))), x); elseif (x <= Float32(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-0.20000000298023224)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((hypot(single(1.0), x) - x))); elseif (x <= single(0.004000000189989805)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + hypot(single(1.0), x)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.20000000298023224:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.004000000189989805:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -1.0)
(copysign (log (/ 1.0 (- (* x -2.0) (/ 0.5 x)))) x)
(if (<= x 1.0)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (+ (log x) (log 2.0)) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((1.0f / ((x * -2.0f) - (0.5f / x)))), x);
} else if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf((logf(x) + logf(2.0f)), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)) - Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x); elseif (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(Float32(log(x) + log(Float32(2.0))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(1.0) / ((x * single(-2.0)) - (single(0.5) / x))))); elseif (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs((log(x) + log(single(2.0)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x + \log 2, x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -1.0)
(copysign (log (/ -0.5 x)) x)
(if (<= x 1.0)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.5 (/ 1.0 x)))) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((-0.5f / x)), x);
} else if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf(((x * 2.0f) + (0.5f * (1.0f / x)))), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / x)), x); elseif (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(x * Float32(2.0)) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / x)))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(-0.5) / x))); elseif (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(((x * single(2.0)) + (single(0.5) * (single(1.0) / x))))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot 2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -1.0)
(copysign (log (/ 1.0 (- (* x -2.0) (/ 0.5 x)))) x)
(if (<= x 1.0)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.5 (/ 1.0 x)))) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((1.0f / ((x * -2.0f) - (0.5f / x)))), x);
} else if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf(((x * 2.0f) + (0.5f * (1.0f / x)))), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(1.0) / Float32(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)) - Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x); elseif (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(x * Float32(2.0)) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * Float32(Float32(1.0) / x)))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(1.0) / ((x * single(-2.0)) - (single(0.5) / x))))); elseif (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(((x * single(2.0)) + (single(0.5) * (single(1.0) / x))))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1}{x \cdot -2 - \frac{0.5}{x}}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot 2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary32
(if (<= x -1.0)
(copysign (log (/ -0.5 x)) x)
(if (<= x 1.0)
(copysign (+ x (* (pow x 3.0) -0.16666666666666666)) x)
(copysign (log (* x 2.0)) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((-0.5f / x)), x);
} else if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf((x + (powf(x, 3.0f) * -0.16666666666666666f)), x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x * 2.0f)), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / x)), x); elseif (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32((x ^ Float32(3.0)) * Float32(-0.16666666666666666))), x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x * Float32(2.0))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(-0.5) / x))); elseif (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + ((x ^ single(3.0)) * single(-0.16666666666666666)))); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x * single(2.0)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + {x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot 2\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (if (<= x -1.0) (copysign (log (/ -0.5 x)) x) (if (<= x 1.0) (copysign x x) (copysign (log (* x 2.0)) x))))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= -1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(logf((-0.5f / x)), x);
} else if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(x, x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x * 2.0f)), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(-1.0)) tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / x)), x); elseif (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(x, x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x * Float32(2.0))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(-1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(-0.5) / x))); elseif (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(x); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x * single(2.0)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot 2\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (if (<= x 1.0) (copysign x x) (copysign (log (* x 2.0)) x)))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(x, x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf((x * 2.0f)), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(x, x); else tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x * Float32(2.0))), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(x); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x * single(2.0)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x \cdot 2\right), x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (if (<= x 1.0) (copysign x x) (copysign (log x) x)))
float code(float x) {
float tmp;
if (x <= 1.0f) {
tmp = copysignf(x, x);
} else {
tmp = copysignf(logf(x), x);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) tmp = Float32(0.0) if (x <= Float32(1.0)) tmp = copysign(x, x); else tmp = copysign(log(x), x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = single(0.0); if (x <= single(1.0)) tmp = sign(x) * abs(x); else tmp = sign(x) * abs(log(x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log x, x\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (copysign x x))
float code(float x) {
return copysignf(x, x);
}
function code(x) return copysign(x, x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = sign(x) * abs(x); end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (let* ((t_0 (/ 1.0 (fabs x)))) (copysign (log1p (+ (fabs x) (/ (fabs x) (+ (hypot 1.0 t_0) t_0)))) x)))
float code(float x) {
float t_0 = 1.0f / fabsf(x);
return copysignf(log1pf((fabsf(x) + (fabsf(x) / (hypotf(1.0f, t_0) + t_0)))), x);
}
function code(x) t_0 = Float32(Float32(1.0) / abs(x)) return copysign(log1p(Float32(abs(x) + Float32(abs(x) / Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), t_0) + t_0)))), x) end
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{1}{\left|x\right|}\\
\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right| + \frac{\left|x\right|}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, t_0\right) + t_0}\right), x\right)
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023340
(FPCore (x)
:name "Rust f32::asinh"
:precision binary32
:herbie-target
(copysign (log1p (+ (fabs x) (/ (fabs x) (+ (hypot 1.0 (/ 1.0 (fabs x))) (/ 1.0 (fabs x)))))) x)
(copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))