Hyperbolic arcsine

Percentage Accurate: 18.3% → 100.0%

Time: 5.9s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 207.0×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 18.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.024:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.025:\\ \;\;\;\;x + \left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(-0.044642857142857144 \cdot {x}^{7} + 0.075 \cdot {x}^{5}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -0.024)
   (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x)))
   (if (<= x 0.025)
     (+
      x
      (+
       (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0))
       (+ (* -0.044642857142857144 (pow x 7.0)) (* 0.075 (pow x 5.0)))))
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.024) {
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else if (x <= 0.025) {
		tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0)) + ((-0.044642857142857144 * pow(x, 7.0)) + (0.075 * pow(x, 5.0))));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.024) {
		tmp = -Math.log((Math.hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else if (x <= 0.025) {
		tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0)) + ((-0.044642857142857144 * Math.pow(x, 7.0)) + (0.075 * Math.pow(x, 5.0))));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -0.024:
		tmp = -math.log((math.hypot(1.0, x) - x))
	elif x <= 0.025:
		tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0)) + ((-0.044642857142857144 * math.pow(x, 7.0)) + (0.075 * math.pow(x, 5.0))))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -0.024)
		tmp = Float64(-log(Float64(hypot(1.0, x) - x)));
	elseif (x <= 0.025)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)) + Float64(Float64(-0.044642857142857144 * (x ^ 7.0)) + Float64(0.075 * (x ^ 5.0)))));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -0.024)
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	elseif (x <= 0.025)
		tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)) + ((-0.044642857142857144 * (x ^ 7.0)) + (0.075 * (x ^ 5.0))));
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -0.024], (-N[Log[N[(N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), If[LessEqual[x, 0.025], N[(x + N[(N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(-0.044642857142857144 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.075 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -0.024

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. flip-+ 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}{x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right)} \]

      2. frac-2neg 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}{-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      3. log-div 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. pow2 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-1-def 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. hypot-1-def 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. fma-def 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. Applied egg-rr 2.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. neg-sub0 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. associate--r- 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - {x}^{2}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. neg-sub0 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-{x}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      4. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) + \left(-{x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. sub-neg 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. fma-udef 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} + 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2}\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate--l+ 43.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left({x}^{2} - {x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-inverses 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      14. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      15. associate--r- 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - x\right) + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

      16. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-x\right)} + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) \]

      17. +-commutative 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) + \left(-x\right)\right)} \]

      18. sub-neg 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   if -0.024 < x < 0.025000000000000001

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 8.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + \left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(-0.044642857142857144 \cdot {x}^{7} + 0.075 \cdot {x}^{5}\right)\right)} \]

   if 0.025000000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.024:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.025:\\ \;\;\;\;x + \left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(-0.044642857142857144 \cdot {x}^{7} + 0.075 \cdot {x}^{5}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2: 99.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0007:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.25)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 0.0007)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.0007) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.0007) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 0.0007:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.0007)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.0007)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 0.0007], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < 6.99999999999999993e-4

   1. Initial program 7.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

   if 6.99999999999999993e-4 < x

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 99.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0007:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3: 99.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.00092:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0007:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -0.00092)
   (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x)))
   (if (<= x 0.0007)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.00092) {
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else if (x <= 0.0007) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -0.00092) {
		tmp = -Math.log((Math.hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	} else if (x <= 0.0007) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -0.00092:
		tmp = -math.log((math.hypot(1.0, x) - x))
	elif x <= 0.0007:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -0.00092)
		tmp = Float64(-log(Float64(hypot(1.0, x) - x)));
	elseif (x <= 0.0007)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -0.00092)
		tmp = -log((hypot(1.0, x) - x));
	elseif (x <= 0.0007)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -0.00092], (-N[Log[N[(N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision] - x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), If[LessEqual[x, 0.0007], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -9.2000000000000003e-4

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. flip-+ 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}{x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right)} \]

      2. frac-2neg 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}{-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      3. log-div 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left(x \cdot x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      4. pow2 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. hypot-1-def 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. hypot-1-def 2.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \sqrt{1 + x \cdot x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + x \cdot x}}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. fma-def 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

   5. Applied egg-rr 2.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(-\left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. neg-sub0 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left({x}^{2} - \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      2. associate--r- 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - {x}^{2}\right) + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      3. neg-sub0 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-{x}^{2}\right)} + \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      4. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) + \left(-{x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      5. sub-neg 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      6. fma-udef 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      7. unpow2 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} + 1\right) - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 2.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + {x}^{2}\right)} - {x}^{2}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      9. associate--l+ 43.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left({x}^{2} - {x}^{2}\right)\right)} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      10. +-inverses 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      11. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      12. metadata-eval 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0} - \log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right) \]

      13. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(-\left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      14. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(x - \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\right)} \]

      15. associate--r- 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - x\right) + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

      16. neg-sub0 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(-x\right)} + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) \]

      17. +-commutative 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) + \left(-x\right)\right)} \]

      18. sub-neg 100.0%

          \[\leadsto -\log \color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)} \]

   if -9.2000000000000003e-4 < x < 6.99999999999999993e-4

   1. Initial program 7.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.2%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

   if 6.99999999999999993e-4 < x

   1. Initial program 58.0%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 58.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 99.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.00092:\\ \;\;\;\;-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0007:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4: 99.4% accurate, 1.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.95:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.25)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 0.95)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.5 (/ 1.0 x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.95) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log(((x * 2.0) + (0.5 * (1.0 / x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-1.25d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= 0.95d0) then
        tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666d0) * (x ** 3.0d0))
    else
        tmp = log(((x * 2.0d0) + (0.5d0 * (1.0d0 / x))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.95) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log(((x * 2.0) + (0.5 * (1.0 / x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 0.95:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log(((x * 2.0) + (0.5 * (1.0 / x))))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.95)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(0.5 * Float64(1.0 / x))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.95)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log(((x * 2.0) + (0.5 * (1.0 / x))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 0.95], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.5 * N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < 0.94999999999999996

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 8.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

   if 0.94999999999999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around inf 98.9%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.95:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5: 99.3% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.25)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 1.26)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (* x 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-1.25d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= 1.26d0) then
        tmp = x + ((-0.16666666666666666d0) * (x ** 3.0d0))
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.26) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 1.26:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.26)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.26], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < 1.26000000000000001

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 8.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}} \]

   if 1.26000000000000001 < x

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around inf 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   6. Simplified 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6: 99.0% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.25) (log (/ -0.5 x)) (if (<= x 1.25) x (log (* x 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= (-1.25d0)) then
        tmp = log(((-0.5d0) / x))
    else if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.25) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.25:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 1.25:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.25)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.25], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.25

   1. Initial program 2.9%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 2.9%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 4.4%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 4.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.2%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.25 < x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 8.5%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 8.5%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 8.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around inf 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   6. Simplified 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7: 75.9% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x 1.25) x (log (* x 2.0))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (x <= 1.25d0) then
        tmp = x
    else
        tmp = log((x * 2.0d0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= 1.25) {
		tmp = x;
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x * 2.0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= 1.25:
		tmp = x
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x * 2.0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x * 2.0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= 1.25)
		tmp = x;
	else
		tmp = log((x * 2.0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.25], x, N[Log[N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < 1.25

   1. Initial program 6.7%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 6.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 6.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 6.7%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 7.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 7.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.5%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

   if 1.25 < x

   1. Initial program 56.8%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

      3. sqr-neg 56.8%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

      4. hypot-1-def 100.0%

         \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Simplified 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in x around inf 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot x\right)} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.1%

         \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]

   6. Simplified 98.1%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot 2\right)} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 75.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.25:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 8: 52.5% accurate, 207.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)

C

double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return x

Julia

function code(x)
	return x
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := x

Derivation

1. Initial program 17.6%

   \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sqr-neg 17.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)} + 1}\right) \]

   2. +-commutative 17.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-x\right) \cdot \left(-x\right)}}\right) \]

   3. sqr-neg 17.6%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x \cdot x}}\right) \]

   4. hypot-1-def 27.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

3. Simplified 27.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]

4. Taylor expanded in x around 0 54.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x} \]

5. Final simplification 54.8%

   \[\leadsto x \]

Developer target: 30.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\\ \mathbf{if}\;x < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{x - t_0}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + t_0\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))
   (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x t_0))) (log (+ x t_0)))))

C

double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: t_0
    real(8) :: tmp
    t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0d0))
    if (x < 0.0d0) then
        tmp = log(((-1.0d0) / (x - t_0)))
    else
        tmp = log((x + t_0))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	double t_0 = Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	double tmp;
	if (x < 0.0) {
		tmp = Math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + t_0));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	t_0 = math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0
	if x < 0.0:
		tmp = math.log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + t_0))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log(Float64(-1.0 / Float64(x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + t_0));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0));
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x < 0.0)
		tmp = log((-1.0 / (x - t_0)));
	else
		tmp = log((x + t_0));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[Less[x, 0.0], N[Log[N[(-1.0 / N[(x - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023321 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arcsine"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))) (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

  (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))