
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 (- INFINITY)) (not (<= t_0 4e-11)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/
(+
(* 0.0003968253968253968 (pow x 7.0))
(+
(* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0))
(* x (+ 2.0 (* (pow x 2.0) 0.3333333333333333)))))
2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -((double) INFINITY)) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * (2.0 + (pow(x, 2.0) * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * Math.pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * (2.0 + (Math.pow(x, 2.0) * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -math.inf) or not (t_0 <= 4e-11): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * math.pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * (2.0 + (math.pow(x, 2.0) * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= Float64(-Inf)) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) + Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64((x ^ 2.0) * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -Inf) || ~((t_0 <= 4e-11))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + (x * (2.0 + ((x ^ 2.0) * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, (-Infinity)], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 4e-11]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(0.0003968253968253968 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(N[Power[x, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -\infty \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 4 \cdot 10^{-11}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.0003968253968253968 \cdot {x}^{7} + \left(0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5} + x \cdot \left(2 + {x}^{2} \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -inf.0 or 3.99999999999999976e-11 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -inf.0 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 3.99999999999999976e-11Initial program 7.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
add-cube-cbrt100.0%
fma-def100.0%
cbrt-unprod100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
swap-sqr100.0%
pow-prod-up100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
cbrt-prod100.0%
rem-cbrt-cube100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
Simplified100.0%
add-log-exp100.0%
*-un-lft-identity100.0%
log-prod100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
add-log-exp100.0%
cbrt-prod100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
cbrt-unprod100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
+-lft-identity100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -0.05) (not (<= t_0 4e-11)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-0.05d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 4d-11))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -0.05) or not (t_0 <= 4e-11): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 4e-11)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || ~((t_0 <= 4e-11))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.05], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 4e-11]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.05 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 4 \cdot 10^{-11}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -0.050000000000000003 or 3.99999999999999976e-11 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -0.050000000000000003 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 3.99999999999999976e-11Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -5.6) (not (<= x 5.6))) (/ (* 0.0003968253968253968 (pow x 7.0)) 2.0) (/ (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.3333333333333333 (pow x 3.0))) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5.6) || !(x <= 5.6)) {
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-5.6d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 5.6d0))) then
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968d0 * (x ** 7.0d0)) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = ((x * 2.0d0) + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x ** 3.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5.6) || !(x <= 5.6)) {
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * Math.pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * Math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -5.6) or not (x <= 5.6): tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * math.pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0 else: tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -5.6) || !(x <= 5.6)) tmp = Float64(Float64(0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -5.6) || ~((x <= 5.6))) tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) / 2.0; else tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -5.6], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 5.6]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(0.0003968253968253968 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5.6 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 5.6\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.0003968253968253968 \cdot {x}^{7}}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{3}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -5.5999999999999996 or 5.5999999999999996 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 87.6%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 87.6%
if -5.5999999999999996 < x < 5.5999999999999996Initial program 8.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.0%
Final simplification92.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -4.2) (not (<= x 4.1))) (/ (* 0.0003968253968253968 (pow x 7.0)) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4.2) || !(x <= 4.1)) {
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-4.2d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 4.1d0))) then
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968d0 * (x ** 7.0d0)) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4.2) || !(x <= 4.1)) {
tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * Math.pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -4.2) or not (x <= 4.1): tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * math.pow(x, 7.0)) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -4.2) || !(x <= 4.1)) tmp = Float64(Float64(0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -4.2) || ~((x <= 4.1))) tmp = (0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -4.2], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 4.1]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(0.0003968253968253968 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.2 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 4.1\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.0003968253968253968 \cdot {x}^{7}}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -4.20000000000000018 or 4.0999999999999996 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 87.6%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 87.6%
if -4.20000000000000018 < x < 4.0999999999999996Initial program 8.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.8%
Final simplification92.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 57.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.1%
Final simplification49.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 57.0%
Applied egg-rr2.7%
Final simplification2.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 57.0%
Applied egg-rr3.4%
Final simplification3.4%
herbie shell --seed 2023318
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))