
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ x (/ (fma x (* x 0.022222222222222223) -0.3333333333333333) (fma (pow x 4.0) 0.0004938271604938272 -0.1111111111111111))))
double code(double x) {
return x / (fma(x, (x * 0.022222222222222223), -0.3333333333333333) / fma(pow(x, 4.0), 0.0004938271604938272, -0.1111111111111111));
}
function code(x) return Float64(x / Float64(fma(x, Float64(x * 0.022222222222222223), -0.3333333333333333) / fma((x ^ 4.0), 0.0004938271604938272, -0.1111111111111111))) end
code[x_] := N[(x / N[(N[(x * N[(x * 0.022222222222222223), $MachinePrecision] + -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.0004938271604938272 + -0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x \cdot 0.022222222222222223, -0.3333333333333333\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{4}, 0.0004938271604938272, -0.1111111111111111\right)}}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
unpow399.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
associate-*r*99.4%
distribute-rgt-out99.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
flip-+99.4%
associate-*r/99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
swap-sqr99.5%
fma-neg99.5%
pow299.5%
pow299.5%
pow-prod-up99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
associate-*r*99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
fma-neg99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
associate-/l*100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (+ (* x -0.2) (* 3.0 (/ 1.0 x)))))
double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / ((x * -0.2) + (3.0 * (1.0 / x)));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0 / ((x * (-0.2d0)) + (3.0d0 * (1.0d0 / x)))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / ((x * -0.2) + (3.0 * (1.0 / x)));
}
def code(x): return 1.0 / ((x * -0.2) + (3.0 * (1.0 / x)))
function code(x) return Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(x * -0.2) + Float64(3.0 * Float64(1.0 / x)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0 / ((x * -0.2) + (3.0 * (1.0 / x))); end
code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(N[(x * -0.2), $MachinePrecision] + N[(3.0 * N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x \cdot -0.2 + 3 \cdot \frac{1}{x}}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
unpow399.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
pow399.4%
+-commutative99.4%
fma-def99.4%
add-sqr-sqrt49.1%
sqrt-prod26.5%
fma-def26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
sqrt-prod26.5%
+-commutative26.5%
fma-def26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
swap-sqr26.5%
sqrt-unprod2.0%
add-sqr-sqrt4.0%
/-rgt-identity4.0%
clear-num4.0%
add-sqr-sqrt2.0%
sqrt-unprod26.5%
swap-sqr26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
fma-def26.5%
+-commutative26.5%
Applied egg-rr99.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%
Final simplification99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x (+ (* 0.022222222222222223 (* x x)) 0.3333333333333333)))
double code(double x) {
return x * ((0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * ((0.022222222222222223d0 * (x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * ((0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333);
}
def code(x): return x * ((0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333)
function code(x) return Float64(x * Float64(Float64(0.022222222222222223 * Float64(x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * ((0.022222222222222223 * (x * x)) + 0.3333333333333333); end
code[x_] := N[(x * N[(N[(0.022222222222222223 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot \left(0.022222222222222223 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + 0.3333333333333333\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
unpow399.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
associate-*r*99.4%
distribute-rgt-out99.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
Final simplification99.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (/ 3.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (3.0 / x);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0 / (3.0d0 / x)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (3.0 / x);
}
def code(x): return 1.0 / (3.0 / x)
function code(x) return Float64(1.0 / Float64(3.0 / x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0 / (3.0 / x); end
code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(3.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{\frac{3}{x}}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
unpow399.4%
Applied egg-rr99.4%
pow399.4%
+-commutative99.4%
fma-def99.4%
add-sqr-sqrt49.1%
sqrt-prod26.5%
fma-def26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
sqrt-prod26.5%
+-commutative26.5%
fma-def26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
swap-sqr26.5%
sqrt-unprod2.0%
add-sqr-sqrt4.0%
/-rgt-identity4.0%
clear-num4.0%
add-sqr-sqrt2.0%
sqrt-unprod26.5%
swap-sqr26.5%
metadata-eval26.5%
fma-def26.5%
+-commutative26.5%
Applied egg-rr99.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.9%
Final simplification98.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x 0.3333333333333333))
double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * 0.3333333333333333d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
def code(x): return x * 0.3333333333333333
function code(x) return Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * 0.3333333333333333; end
code[x_] := N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.3333333333333333
\end{array}
Initial program 6.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.8%
Final simplification98.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (* x x) 15.0))) (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (fabs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (abs(x) < 0.026d0) then
tmp = (x / 3.0d0) * (1.0d0 + ((x * x) / 15.0d0))
else
tmp = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (Math.abs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if math.fabs(x) < 0.026: tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)) else: tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = Float64(Float64(x / 3.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x * x) / 15.0))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)); else tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Less[N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision], 0.026], N[(N[(x / 3.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / 15.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\left|x\right| < 0.026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x}{3} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x \cdot x}{15}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023297
(FPCore (x)
:name "invcot (example 3.9)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (< -0.026 x) (< x 0.026))
:herbie-target
(if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (* x x) 15.0))) (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
(- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))