
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 9 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -5e+44) (not (<= t_0 1e-11)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/
(+
(* 0.0003968253968253968 (pow x 7.0))
(+
(* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0))
(+ (* 0.3333333333333333 (pow x 3.0)) (* x 2.0))))
2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5e+44) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) + ((0.3333333333333333 * pow(x, 3.0)) + (x * 2.0)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-5d+44)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 1d-11))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968d0 * (x ** 7.0d0)) + ((0.016666666666666666d0 * (x ** 5.0d0)) + ((0.3333333333333333d0 * (x ** 3.0d0)) + (x * 2.0d0)))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5e+44) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * Math.pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) + ((0.3333333333333333 * Math.pow(x, 3.0)) + (x * 2.0)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -5e+44) or not (t_0 <= 1e-11): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * math.pow(x, 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) + ((0.3333333333333333 * math.pow(x, 3.0)) + (x * 2.0)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -5e+44) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) + Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64(Float64(0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0)) + Float64(x * 2.0)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -5e+44) || ~((t_0 <= 1e-11))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = ((0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)) + ((0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + ((0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0)) + (x * 2.0)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -5e+44], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1e-11]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(0.0003968253968253968 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -5 \cdot 10^{+44} \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 10^{-11}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.0003968253968253968 \cdot {x}^{7} + \left(0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5} + \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{3} + x \cdot 2\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -4.9999999999999996e44 or 9.99999999999999939e-12 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -4.9999999999999996e44 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 9.99999999999999939e-12Initial program 7.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -0.05) (not (<= t_0 1e-11)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-0.05d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 1d-11))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -0.05) or not (t_0 <= 1e-11): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || !(t_0 <= 1e-11)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -0.05) || ~((t_0 <= 1e-11))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.05], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1e-11]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.05 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 10^{-11}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -0.050000000000000003 or 9.99999999999999939e-12 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 99.9%
if -0.050000000000000003 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 9.99999999999999939e-12Initial program 6.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (/ (+ (pow (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)) 3.0) 8.0) 4.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * ((pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)) ** 3.0d0) + 8.0d0) / 4.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * ((Math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * ((math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64((Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[Power[N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] + 8.0), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \frac{{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}^{3} + 8}{4}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 49.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 84.9%
unpow384.9%
associate-*r*84.9%
distribute-rgt-out84.9%
*-commutative84.9%
associate-*l*84.9%
fma-def84.9%
Simplified84.9%
fma-udef84.9%
flip3-+58.5%
metadata-eval58.5%
metadata-eval58.5%
Applied egg-rr58.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 93.6%
Final simplification93.6%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333))))
(if (or (<= x -1e+155) (not (<= x 2e+102)))
(/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0)
(/ (* x (/ (- (* t_0 t_0) 4.0) (- t_0 2.0))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -1e+155) || !(x <= 2e+102)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)
if ((x <= (-1d+155)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2d+102))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0d0) / (t_0 - 2.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -1e+155) || !(x <= 2e+102)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333) tmp = 0 if (x <= -1e+155) or not (x <= 2e+102): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -1e+155) || !(x <= 2e+102)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / Float64(t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333); tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -1e+155) || ~((x <= 2e+102))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[x, -1e+155], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2e+102]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$0 - 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1 \cdot 10^{+155} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+102}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{t_0 \cdot t_0 - 4}{t_0 - 2}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -1.00000000000000001e155 or 1.99999999999999995e102 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
if -1.00000000000000001e155 < x < 1.99999999999999995e102Initial program 32.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 79.7%
unpow379.7%
associate-*r*79.7%
distribute-rgt-out79.7%
*-commutative79.7%
associate-*l*79.7%
fma-def79.7%
Simplified79.7%
fma-udef79.7%
flip-+85.5%
metadata-eval85.5%
Applied egg-rr85.5%
Final simplification89.2%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.5) (not (<= x 2.4))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.4)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.5d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.4d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.4)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.5) or not (x <= 2.4): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.4)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.5) || ~((x <= 2.4))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.5], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.4]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.4\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.5 or 2.39999999999999991 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 67.4%
unpow367.4%
associate-*r*67.4%
distribute-rgt-out67.4%
*-commutative67.4%
associate-*l*67.4%
fma-def67.4%
Simplified67.4%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 67.4%
unpow267.4%
Simplified67.4%
if -2.5 < x < 2.39999999999999991Initial program 8.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.1%
Final simplification84.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 49.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 84.9%
unpow384.9%
associate-*r*84.9%
distribute-rgt-out84.9%
*-commutative84.9%
associate-*l*84.9%
fma-def84.9%
Simplified84.9%
fma-udef84.9%
Applied egg-rr84.9%
Final simplification84.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 49.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 56.6%
Final simplification56.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 49.7%
Applied egg-rr2.8%
Final simplification2.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 49.7%
Applied egg-rr3.9%
Final simplification3.9%
herbie shell --seed 2023287
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))