
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -5e+31) (not (<= t_0 5e-6)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5e+31) || !(t_0 <= 5e-6)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-5d+31)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 5d-6))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5e+31) || !(t_0 <= 5e-6)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -5e+31) or not (t_0 <= 5e-6): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -5e+31) || !(t_0 <= 5e-6)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -5e+31) || ~((t_0 <= 5e-6))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -5e+31], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 5e-6]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -5 \cdot 10^{+31} \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 5 \cdot 10^{-6}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -5.00000000000000027e31 or 5.00000000000000041e-6 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -5.00000000000000027e31 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 5.00000000000000041e-6Initial program 7.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (/ (+ (pow (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)) 3.0) 8.0) 4.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * ((pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)) ** 3.0d0) + 8.0d0) / 4.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * ((Math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * ((math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64((Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[Power[N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] + 8.0), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \frac{{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}^{3} + 8}{4}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 82.3%
unpow382.3%
associate-*r*82.3%
distribute-rgt-out82.3%
*-commutative82.3%
associate-*l*82.3%
fma-def82.3%
Simplified82.3%
fma-udef82.3%
flip3-+56.6%
metadata-eval56.6%
metadata-eval56.6%
Applied egg-rr56.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 92.8%
Final simplification92.8%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))
(t_1 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))))
(if (or (<= x -2e+154) (not (<= x 2e+102)))
(/ (* x t_1) 2.0)
(/ (* x (/ (- (* t_0 t_1) 4.0) (- t_0 2.0))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2e+154) || !(x <= 2e+102)) {
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_1) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: t_1
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)
t_1 = 0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)
if ((x <= (-2d+154)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2d+102))) then
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_1) - 4.0d0) / (t_0 - 2.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2e+154) || !(x <= 2e+102)) {
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_1) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333) t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x) tmp = 0 if (x <= -2e+154) or not (x <= 2e+102): tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_1) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) t_1 = Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2e+154) || !(x <= 2e+102)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * t_1) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_1) - 4.0) / Float64(t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333); t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x); tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2e+154) || ~((x <= 2e+102))) tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_1) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2e+154], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2e+102]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$0 - 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\\
t_1 := 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+154} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+102}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot t_1}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{t_0 \cdot t_1 - 4}{t_0 - 2}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.00000000000000007e154 or 1.99999999999999995e102 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
if -2.00000000000000007e154 < x < 1.99999999999999995e102Initial program 36.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 77.1%
unpow377.1%
associate-*r*77.1%
distribute-rgt-out77.1%
*-commutative77.1%
associate-*l*77.1%
fma-def77.1%
Simplified77.1%
fma-udef77.1%
flip-+84.0%
metadata-eval84.0%
Applied egg-rr84.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 84.0%
unpow284.0%
Simplified84.0%
Final simplification87.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.4) (not (<= x 2.4))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.4)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.4d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.4d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.4)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.4) or not (x <= 2.4): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.4)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.4) || ~((x <= 2.4))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.4], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.4]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.4 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.4\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.39999999999999991 or 2.39999999999999991 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 62.3%
unpow362.3%
associate-*r*62.3%
distribute-rgt-out62.3%
*-commutative62.3%
associate-*l*62.3%
fma-def62.3%
Simplified62.3%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 62.3%
unpow262.3%
Simplified62.3%
if -2.39999999999999991 < x < 2.39999999999999991Initial program 7.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.6%
Final simplification82.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 82.3%
unpow382.3%
associate-*r*82.3%
distribute-rgt-out82.3%
*-commutative82.3%
associate-*l*82.3%
fma-def82.3%
Simplified82.3%
fma-udef82.3%
Applied egg-rr82.3%
Final simplification82.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 55.3%
Final simplification55.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 51.0%
Applied egg-rr2.8%
Final simplification2.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 51.0%
Applied egg-rr3.7%
Final simplification3.7%
herbie shell --seed 2023285
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))