
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -5000000000.0) (not (<= t_0 2e-14)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (+ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) (* x 2.0)) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5000000000.0) || !(t_0 <= 2e-14)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-5000000000.0d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 2d-14))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -5000000000.0) || !(t_0 <= 2e-14)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -5000000000.0) or not (t_0 <= 2e-14): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -5000000000.0) || !(t_0 <= 2e-14)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) + Float64(x * 2.0)) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -5000000000.0) || ~((t_0 <= 2e-14))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -5000000000.0], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2e-14]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -5000000000 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-14}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -5e9 or 2e-14 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -5e9 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 2e-14Initial program 6.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
distribute-rgt-in100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))))
(if (or (<= x -2e+156) (not (<= x 2e+101)))
(/ (* x t_0) 2.0)
(/
(* x (/ (- 4.0 (* (* x x) (* (* x x) 0.1111111111111111))) (- 2.0 t_0)))
2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2e+156) || !(x <= 2e+101)) {
tmp = (x * t_0) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * ((4.0 - ((x * x) * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111))) / (2.0 - t_0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = 0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)
if ((x <= (-2d+156)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2d+101))) then
tmp = (x * t_0) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * ((4.0d0 - ((x * x) * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111d0))) / (2.0d0 - t_0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2e+156) || !(x <= 2e+101)) {
tmp = (x * t_0) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * ((4.0 - ((x * x) * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111))) / (2.0 - t_0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x) tmp = 0 if (x <= -2e+156) or not (x <= 2e+101): tmp = (x * t_0) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * ((4.0 - ((x * x) * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111))) / (2.0 - t_0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2e+156) || !(x <= 2e+101)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * t_0) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(4.0 - Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.1111111111111111))) / Float64(2.0 - t_0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x); tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2e+156) || ~((x <= 2e+101))) tmp = (x * t_0) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * ((4.0 - ((x * x) * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111))) / (2.0 - t_0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2e+156], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2e+101]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(4.0 - N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2 \cdot 10^{+156} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+101}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{4 - \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.1111111111111111\right)}{2 - t_0}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2e156 or 2e101 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
if -2e156 < x < 2e101Initial program 38.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 73.4%
unpow373.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
distribute-rgt-out73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
+-commutative73.4%
associate-*l*73.4%
fma-def73.4%
Simplified73.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 73.4%
cube-mult73.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
distribute-rgt-in73.4%
+-commutative73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
fma-def73.4%
Simplified73.4%
fma-udef73.4%
associate-*r*73.4%
*-commutative73.4%
+-commutative73.4%
flip-+79.9%
metadata-eval79.9%
pow279.9%
*-commutative79.9%
associate-*r*79.9%
*-commutative79.9%
associate-*r*79.9%
Applied egg-rr79.9%
unpow279.9%
associate-*r*79.9%
associate-*r*79.9%
swap-sqr79.9%
*-commutative79.9%
*-commutative79.9%
swap-sqr79.9%
metadata-eval79.9%
Applied egg-rr79.9%
Final simplification85.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.5) (not (<= x 2.45))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.5d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.45d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.5) or not (x <= 2.45): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.5) || ~((x <= 2.45))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.5], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.45]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.45\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.5 or 2.4500000000000002 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 63.3%
unpow363.3%
associate-*r*63.3%
distribute-rgt-out63.3%
*-commutative63.3%
+-commutative63.3%
associate-*l*63.3%
fma-def63.3%
Simplified63.3%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 63.3%
unpow263.3%
Simplified63.3%
if -2.5 < x < 2.4500000000000002Initial program 8.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%
Final simplification80.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) (* x 2.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) + Float64(x * 2.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) + x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 80.7%
unpow380.7%
associate-*r*80.7%
distribute-rgt-out80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
+-commutative80.7%
associate-*l*80.7%
fma-def80.7%
Simplified80.7%
fma-udef80.7%
distribute-rgt-in80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
Applied egg-rr80.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 80.7%
unpow280.7%
Simplified80.7%
Final simplification80.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 80.7%
unpow380.7%
associate-*r*80.7%
distribute-rgt-out80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
+-commutative80.7%
associate-*l*80.7%
fma-def80.7%
Simplified80.7%
fma-udef80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
Applied egg-rr80.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 80.7%
unpow280.7%
Simplified80.7%
Final simplification80.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 50.9%
Final simplification50.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 55.2%
Applied egg-rr3.0%
Final simplification3.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 55.2%
Applied egg-rr3.3%
Final simplification3.3%
herbie shell --seed 2023274
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))