
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (exp x) (- (exp x) 1.0)))
double code(double x) {
return exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.exp(x) / (Math.exp(x) - 1.0);
}
def code(x): return math.exp(x) / (math.exp(x) - 1.0)
function code(x) return Float64(exp(x) / Float64(exp(x) - 1.0)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0); end
code[x_] := N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x}}{e^{x} - 1}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (exp x) (- (exp x) 1.0)))
double code(double x) {
return exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.exp(x) / (Math.exp(x) - 1.0);
}
def code(x): return math.exp(x) / (math.exp(x) - 1.0)
function code(x) return Float64(exp(x) / Float64(exp(x) - 1.0)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0); end
code[x_] := N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x}}{e^{x} - 1}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (exp x) (expm1 x)))
double code(double x) {
return exp(x) / expm1(x);
}
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.exp(x) / Math.expm1(x);
}
def code(x): return math.exp(x) / math.expm1(x)
function code(x) return Float64(exp(x) / expm1(x)) end
code[x_] := N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x}}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)}
\end{array}
Initial program 35.4%
expm1-def98.8%
Simplified98.8%
Final simplification98.8%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* -0.08333333333333333 (* x x))))
(if (<= x -1e+78)
(/
(+
(+ 0.5 (* x -0.08333333333333333))
(* x (- 0.25 (* (* x x) 0.006944444444444444))))
(/ (- (* (* x 0.5) (* x 0.5)) (* t_0 t_0)) (- (* x 0.5) t_0)))
(+ 0.5 (+ (* x 0.08333333333333333) (/ 1.0 x))))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = -0.08333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if (x <= -1e+78) {
tmp = ((0.5 + (x * -0.08333333333333333)) + (x * (0.25 - ((x * x) * 0.006944444444444444)))) / ((((x * 0.5) * (x * 0.5)) - (t_0 * t_0)) / ((x * 0.5) - t_0));
} else {
tmp = 0.5 + ((x * 0.08333333333333333) + (1.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = (-0.08333333333333333d0) * (x * x)
if (x <= (-1d+78)) then
tmp = ((0.5d0 + (x * (-0.08333333333333333d0))) + (x * (0.25d0 - ((x * x) * 0.006944444444444444d0)))) / ((((x * 0.5d0) * (x * 0.5d0)) - (t_0 * t_0)) / ((x * 0.5d0) - t_0))
else
tmp = 0.5d0 + ((x * 0.08333333333333333d0) + (1.0d0 / x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = -0.08333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if (x <= -1e+78) {
tmp = ((0.5 + (x * -0.08333333333333333)) + (x * (0.25 - ((x * x) * 0.006944444444444444)))) / ((((x * 0.5) * (x * 0.5)) - (t_0 * t_0)) / ((x * 0.5) - t_0));
} else {
tmp = 0.5 + ((x * 0.08333333333333333) + (1.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = -0.08333333333333333 * (x * x) tmp = 0 if x <= -1e+78: tmp = ((0.5 + (x * -0.08333333333333333)) + (x * (0.25 - ((x * x) * 0.006944444444444444)))) / ((((x * 0.5) * (x * 0.5)) - (t_0 * t_0)) / ((x * 0.5) - t_0)) else: tmp = 0.5 + ((x * 0.08333333333333333) + (1.0 / x)) return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(-0.08333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= -1e+78) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(0.5 + Float64(x * -0.08333333333333333)) + Float64(x * Float64(0.25 - Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.006944444444444444)))) / Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) * Float64(x * 0.5)) - Float64(t_0 * t_0)) / Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) - t_0))); else tmp = Float64(0.5 + Float64(Float64(x * 0.08333333333333333) + Float64(1.0 / x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = -0.08333333333333333 * (x * x); tmp = 0.0; if (x <= -1e+78) tmp = ((0.5 + (x * -0.08333333333333333)) + (x * (0.25 - ((x * x) * 0.006944444444444444)))) / ((((x * 0.5) * (x * 0.5)) - (t_0 * t_0)) / ((x * 0.5) - t_0)); else tmp = 0.5 + ((x * 0.08333333333333333) + (1.0 / x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(-0.08333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x, -1e+78], N[(N[(N[(0.5 + N[(x * -0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[(0.25 - N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.006944444444444444), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.5 + N[(N[(x * 0.08333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := -0.08333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1 \cdot 10^{+78}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\left(0.5 + x \cdot -0.08333333333333333\right) + x \cdot \left(0.25 - \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.006944444444444444\right)}{\frac{\left(x \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.5\right) - t_0 \cdot t_0}{x \cdot 0.5 - t_0}}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 + \left(x \cdot 0.08333333333333333 + \frac{1}{x}\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -1.00000000000000001e78Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 2.0%
+-commutative2.0%
+-commutative2.0%
associate-+l+2.0%
*-commutative2.0%
fma-def2.0%
Simplified2.0%
fma-udef2.0%
*-commutative2.0%
Applied egg-rr2.0%
*-commutative2.0%
+-commutative2.0%
flip-+1.9%
frac-add0.7%
*-un-lft-identity0.7%
*-commutative0.7%
cancel-sign-sub-inv0.7%
metadata-eval0.7%
metadata-eval0.7%
swap-sqr0.7%
metadata-eval0.7%
*-commutative0.7%
cancel-sign-sub-inv0.7%
metadata-eval0.7%
Applied egg-rr0.7%
distribute-lft-in0.7%
flip-+10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
associate-*l*10.3%
associate-*l*10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
*-commutative10.3%
associate-*l*10.3%
Applied egg-rr10.3%
if -1.00000000000000001e78 < x Initial program 16.5%
expm1-def98.5%
Simplified98.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 87.6%
Final simplification70.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ 0.5 (/ 1.0 x)))
double code(double x) {
return 0.5 + (1.0 / x);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.5d0 + (1.0d0 / x)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.5 + (1.0 / x);
}
def code(x): return 0.5 + (1.0 / x)
function code(x) return Float64(0.5 + Float64(1.0 / x)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.5 + (1.0 / x); end
code[x_] := N[(0.5 + N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0.5 + \frac{1}{x}
\end{array}
Initial program 35.4%
expm1-def98.8%
Simplified98.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.3%
+-commutative68.3%
Simplified68.3%
Final simplification68.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 x))
double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0 / x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / x;
}
def code(x): return 1.0 / x
function code(x) return Float64(1.0 / x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0 / x; end
code[x_] := N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x}
\end{array}
Initial program 35.4%
expm1-def98.8%
Simplified98.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 67.9%
Final simplification67.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.5)
double code(double x) {
return 0.5;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.5d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.5;
}
def code(x): return 0.5
function code(x) return 0.5 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.5; end
code[x_] := 0.5
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0.5
\end{array}
Initial program 35.4%
expm1-def98.8%
Simplified98.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 3.0%
*-commutative3.0%
Simplified3.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 3.3%
Final simplification3.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ 1.0 (- 1.0 (exp (- x)))))
double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (1.0 - exp(-x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0 / (1.0d0 - exp(-x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0 / (1.0 - Math.exp(-x));
}
def code(x): return 1.0 / (1.0 - math.exp(-x))
function code(x) return Float64(1.0 / Float64(1.0 - exp(Float64(-x)))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0 / (1.0 - exp(-x)); end
code[x_] := N[(1.0 / N[(1.0 - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{1 - e^{-x}}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023271
(FPCore (x)
:name "expq2 (section 3.11)"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(/ 1.0 (- 1.0 (exp (- x))))
(/ (exp x) (- (exp x) 1.0)))