
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log1p (expm1 x)))
double code(double x) {
return log1p(expm1(x));
}
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.log1p(Math.expm1(x));
}
def code(x): return math.log1p(math.expm1(x))
function code(x) return log1p(expm1(x)) end
code[x_] := N[Log[1 + N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 51.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 55.6%
associate-/l*55.3%
metadata-eval55.3%
/-rgt-identity55.3%
log1p-expm1-u99.5%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
Final simplification99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (/ (+ (* (pow x 6.0) 0.037037037037037035) 8.0) 4.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (((pow(x, 6.0) * 0.037037037037037035) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * ((((x ** 6.0d0) * 0.037037037037037035d0) + 8.0d0) / 4.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (((Math.pow(x, 6.0) * 0.037037037037037035) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (((math.pow(x, 6.0) * 0.037037037037037035) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64((x ^ 6.0) * 0.037037037037037035) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * ((((x ^ 6.0) * 0.037037037037037035) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(N[Power[x, 6.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.037037037037037035), $MachinePrecision] + 8.0), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \frac{{x}^{6} \cdot 0.037037037037037035 + 8}{4}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
fma-udef83.1%
flip3-+56.6%
metadata-eval56.6%
metadata-eval56.6%
Applied egg-rr56.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 92.9%
associate-*r*92.9%
unpow-prod-down92.9%
pow292.9%
pow-pow92.9%
metadata-eval92.9%
metadata-eval92.9%
Applied egg-rr92.9%
Final simplification92.9%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))
(t_1 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))))
(if (or (<= x -5e+155) (not (<= x 1e+101)))
(/ (* x t_1) 2.0)
(/ (* x (/ (- (* t_0 t_0) 4.0) (- t_1 2.0))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5e+155) || !(x <= 1e+101)) {
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_1 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: t_1
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)
t_1 = 0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)
if ((x <= (-5d+155)) .or. (.not. (x <= 1d+101))) then
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0d0) / (t_1 - 2.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5e+155) || !(x <= 1e+101)) {
tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_1 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333) t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x) tmp = 0 if (x <= -5e+155) or not (x <= 1e+101): tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_1 - 2.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) t_1 = Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -5e+155) || !(x <= 1e+101)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * t_1) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / Float64(t_1 - 2.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333); t_1 = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * x); tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -5e+155) || ~((x <= 1e+101))) tmp = (x * t_1) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_1 - 2.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[x, -5e+155], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 1e+101]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$1 - 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\\
t_1 := 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \cdot 10^{+155} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 10^{+101}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot t_1}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{t_0 \cdot t_0 - 4}{t_1 - 2}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -4.9999999999999999e155 or 9.9999999999999998e100 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
if -4.9999999999999999e155 < x < 9.9999999999999998e100Initial program 34.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 77.1%
unpow377.1%
associate-*r*77.1%
distribute-rgt-out77.1%
*-commutative77.1%
associate-*l*77.1%
fma-def77.1%
Simplified77.1%
fma-udef77.1%
flip-+83.8%
metadata-eval83.8%
Applied egg-rr83.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.8%
unpow283.8%
Simplified83.8%
Final simplification88.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.5) (not (<= x 2.45))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) x))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.5d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.45d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = x
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.5) or not (x <= 2.45): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = x return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.45)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = x; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.5) || ~((x <= 2.45))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = x; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.5], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.45]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], x]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.45\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.5 or 2.4500000000000002 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.2%
unpow364.2%
associate-*r*64.2%
distribute-rgt-out64.2%
*-commutative64.2%
associate-*l*64.2%
fma-def64.2%
Simplified64.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 64.2%
unpow264.2%
Simplified64.2%
if -2.5 < x < 2.4500000000000002Initial program 7.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.7%
Final simplification82.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
fma-udef83.1%
Applied egg-rr83.1%
Final simplification83.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 51.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 55.6%
Final simplification55.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)
double code(double x) {
return x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x;
}
def code(x): return x
function code(x) return x end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x; end
code[x_] := x
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x
\end{array}
Initial program 51.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 55.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 55.3%
Final simplification55.3%
herbie shell --seed 2023271
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))