
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))
double code(double a, double x) {
return exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = exp((a * x)) - 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
return Math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
def code(a, x): return math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0
function code(a, x) return Float64(exp(Float64(a * x)) - 1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, x) tmp = exp((a * x)) - 1.0; end
code[a_, x_] := N[(N[Exp[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
e^{a \cdot x} - 1
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))
double code(double a, double x) {
return exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = exp((a * x)) - 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
return Math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
def code(a, x): return math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0
function code(a, x) return Float64(exp(Float64(a * x)) - 1.0) end
function tmp = code(a, x) tmp = exp((a * x)) - 1.0; end
code[a_, x_] := N[(N[Exp[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
e^{a \cdot x} - 1
\end{array}
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (expm1 (* a x)))
double code(double a, double x) {
return expm1((a * x));
}
public static double code(double a, double x) {
return Math.expm1((a * x));
}
def code(a, x): return math.expm1((a * x))
function code(a, x) return expm1(Float64(a * x)) end
code[a_, x_] := N[(Exp[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]] - 1), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{expm1}\left(a \cdot x\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 62.8%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (* a x) 1e-11) (* a x) (* x (+ a (* x (* 0.5 (* a a)))))))
double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 1e-11) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = x * (a + (x * (0.5 * (a * a))));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((a * x) <= 1d-11) then
tmp = a * x
else
tmp = x * (a + (x * (0.5d0 * (a * a))))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 1e-11) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = x * (a + (x * (0.5 * (a * a))));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, x): tmp = 0 if (a * x) <= 1e-11: tmp = a * x else: tmp = x * (a + (x * (0.5 * (a * a)))) return tmp
function code(a, x) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(a * x) <= 1e-11) tmp = Float64(a * x); else tmp = Float64(x * Float64(a + Float64(x * Float64(0.5 * Float64(a * a))))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, x) tmp = 0.0; if ((a * x) <= 1e-11) tmp = a * x; else tmp = x * (a + (x * (0.5 * (a * a)))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], 1e-11], N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], N[(x * N[(a + N[(x * N[(0.5 * N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \leq 10^{-11}:\\
\;\;\;\;a \cdot x\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (*.f64 a x) < 9.99999999999999939e-12Initial program 47.5%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 71.7%
if 9.99999999999999939e-12 < (*.f64 a x) Initial program 99.9%
expm1-def99.9%
Simplified99.9%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 71.4%
associate-*r*71.4%
unpow271.4%
associate-*r*74.8%
distribute-rgt-out74.8%
*-commutative74.8%
unpow274.8%
Simplified74.8%
Final simplification72.6%
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (* a x) 2e+61) (* a x) (* 0.5 (* (* a a) (* x x)))))
double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 2e+61) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * ((a * a) * (x * x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((a * x) <= 2d+61) then
tmp = a * x
else
tmp = 0.5d0 * ((a * a) * (x * x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 2e+61) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * ((a * a) * (x * x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, x): tmp = 0 if (a * x) <= 2e+61: tmp = a * x else: tmp = 0.5 * ((a * a) * (x * x)) return tmp
function code(a, x) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(a * x) <= 2e+61) tmp = Float64(a * x); else tmp = Float64(0.5 * Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(x * x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, x) tmp = 0.0; if ((a * x) <= 2e+61) tmp = a * x; else tmp = 0.5 * ((a * a) * (x * x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], 2e+61], N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.5 * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+61}:\\
\;\;\;\;a \cdot x\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (*.f64 a x) < 1.9999999999999999e61Initial program 52.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 66.0%
if 1.9999999999999999e61 < (*.f64 a x) Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 91.6%
associate-*r*91.6%
unpow291.6%
associate-*r*86.9%
distribute-rgt-out86.9%
*-commutative86.9%
unpow286.9%
Simplified86.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 91.6%
unpow291.6%
unpow291.6%
Simplified91.6%
Final simplification71.8%
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (if (<= (* a x) 500000000000.0) (* a x) (* x (* (* a a) (* x 0.5)))))
double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 500000000000.0) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = x * ((a * a) * (x * 0.5));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((a * x) <= 500000000000.0d0) then
tmp = a * x
else
tmp = x * ((a * a) * (x * 0.5d0))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if ((a * x) <= 500000000000.0) {
tmp = a * x;
} else {
tmp = x * ((a * a) * (x * 0.5));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, x): tmp = 0 if (a * x) <= 500000000000.0: tmp = a * x else: tmp = x * ((a * a) * (x * 0.5)) return tmp
function code(a, x) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(a * x) <= 500000000000.0) tmp = Float64(a * x); else tmp = Float64(x * Float64(Float64(a * a) * Float64(x * 0.5))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, x) tmp = 0.0; if ((a * x) <= 500000000000.0) tmp = a * x; else tmp = x * ((a * a) * (x * 0.5)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], 500000000000.0], N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], N[(x * N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \leq 500000000000:\\
\;\;\;\;a \cdot x\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.5\right)\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (*.f64 a x) < 5e11Initial program 49.1%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 69.7%
if 5e11 < (*.f64 a x) Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 77.2%
associate-*r*77.2%
unpow277.2%
associate-*r*80.6%
distribute-rgt-out80.6%
*-commutative80.6%
unpow280.6%
Simplified80.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 80.6%
unpow280.6%
associate-*l*70.9%
Simplified70.9%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 80.6%
*-commutative80.6%
unpow280.6%
associate-*r*80.6%
Simplified80.6%
Final simplification72.6%
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (* a x))
double code(double a, double x) {
return a * x;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = a * x
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
return a * x;
}
def code(a, x): return a * x
function code(a, x) return Float64(a * x) end
function tmp = code(a, x) tmp = a * x; end
code[a_, x_] := N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
a \cdot x
\end{array}
Initial program 62.8%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 58.6%
Final simplification58.6%
(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 0.1) (* (* a x) (+ 1.0 (+ (/ (* a x) 2.0) (/ (pow (* a x) 2.0) 6.0)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0)))
double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if (fabs((a * x)) < 0.1) {
tmp = (a * x) * (1.0 + (((a * x) / 2.0) + (pow((a * x), 2.0) / 6.0)));
} else {
tmp = exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(a, x)
real(8), intent (in) :: a
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (abs((a * x)) < 0.1d0) then
tmp = (a * x) * (1.0d0 + (((a * x) / 2.0d0) + (((a * x) ** 2.0d0) / 6.0d0)))
else
tmp = exp((a * x)) - 1.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double a, double x) {
double tmp;
if (Math.abs((a * x)) < 0.1) {
tmp = (a * x) * (1.0 + (((a * x) / 2.0) + (Math.pow((a * x), 2.0) / 6.0)));
} else {
tmp = Math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, x): tmp = 0 if math.fabs((a * x)) < 0.1: tmp = (a * x) * (1.0 + (((a * x) / 2.0) + (math.pow((a * x), 2.0) / 6.0))) else: tmp = math.exp((a * x)) - 1.0 return tmp
function code(a, x) tmp = 0.0 if (abs(Float64(a * x)) < 0.1) tmp = Float64(Float64(a * x) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(Float64(a * x) / 2.0) + Float64((Float64(a * x) ^ 2.0) / 6.0)))); else tmp = Float64(exp(Float64(a * x)) - 1.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(a, x) tmp = 0.0; if (abs((a * x)) < 0.1) tmp = (a * x) * (1.0 + (((a * x) / 2.0) + (((a * x) ^ 2.0) / 6.0))); else tmp = exp((a * x)) - 1.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, x_] := If[Less[N[Abs[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], 0.1], N[(N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / 6.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Exp[N[(a * x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| < 0.1:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023264
(FPCore (a x)
:name "expax (section 3.5)"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(if (< (fabs (* a x)) 0.1) (* (* a x) (+ 1.0 (+ (/ (* a x) 2.0) (/ (pow (* a x) 2.0) 6.0)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))
(- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))