| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.8% |
| Cost | 13512 |

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (pow (+ x eps) 5.0) (pow x 5.0)))
(FPCore (x eps)
:precision binary64
(if (<= x -4.7e-48)
(* eps (+ (pow x 4.0) (* 4.0 (pow x 4.0))))
(if (<= x 1.3e-56)
(- (pow (+ x eps) 5.0) (pow x 5.0))
(+
(* x (* (* x 10.0) (* (+ x eps) (* eps eps))))
(* (pow x 4.0) (* eps 5.0))))))double code(double x, double eps) {
return pow((x + eps), 5.0) - pow(x, 5.0);
}
double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if (x <= -4.7e-48) {
tmp = eps * (pow(x, 4.0) + (4.0 * pow(x, 4.0)));
} else if (x <= 1.3e-56) {
tmp = pow((x + eps), 5.0) - pow(x, 5.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * ((x * 10.0) * ((x + eps) * (eps * eps)))) + (pow(x, 4.0) * (eps * 5.0));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
code = ((x + eps) ** 5.0d0) - (x ** 5.0d0)
end function
real(8) function code(x, eps)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8), intent (in) :: eps
real(8) :: tmp
if (x <= (-4.7d-48)) then
tmp = eps * ((x ** 4.0d0) + (4.0d0 * (x ** 4.0d0)))
else if (x <= 1.3d-56) then
tmp = ((x + eps) ** 5.0d0) - (x ** 5.0d0)
else
tmp = (x * ((x * 10.0d0) * ((x + eps) * (eps * eps)))) + ((x ** 4.0d0) * (eps * 5.0d0))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
return Math.pow((x + eps), 5.0) - Math.pow(x, 5.0);
}
public static double code(double x, double eps) {
double tmp;
if (x <= -4.7e-48) {
tmp = eps * (Math.pow(x, 4.0) + (4.0 * Math.pow(x, 4.0)));
} else if (x <= 1.3e-56) {
tmp = Math.pow((x + eps), 5.0) - Math.pow(x, 5.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * ((x * 10.0) * ((x + eps) * (eps * eps)))) + (Math.pow(x, 4.0) * (eps * 5.0));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x, eps): return math.pow((x + eps), 5.0) - math.pow(x, 5.0)
def code(x, eps): tmp = 0 if x <= -4.7e-48: tmp = eps * (math.pow(x, 4.0) + (4.0 * math.pow(x, 4.0))) elif x <= 1.3e-56: tmp = math.pow((x + eps), 5.0) - math.pow(x, 5.0) else: tmp = (x * ((x * 10.0) * ((x + eps) * (eps * eps)))) + (math.pow(x, 4.0) * (eps * 5.0)) return tmp
function code(x, eps) return Float64((Float64(x + eps) ^ 5.0) - (x ^ 5.0)) end
function code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= -4.7e-48) tmp = Float64(eps * Float64((x ^ 4.0) + Float64(4.0 * (x ^ 4.0)))); elseif (x <= 1.3e-56) tmp = Float64((Float64(x + eps) ^ 5.0) - (x ^ 5.0)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(x * 10.0) * Float64(Float64(x + eps) * Float64(eps * eps)))) + Float64((x ^ 4.0) * Float64(eps * 5.0))); end return tmp end
function tmp = code(x, eps) tmp = ((x + eps) ^ 5.0) - (x ^ 5.0); end
function tmp_2 = code(x, eps) tmp = 0.0; if (x <= -4.7e-48) tmp = eps * ((x ^ 4.0) + (4.0 * (x ^ 4.0))); elseif (x <= 1.3e-56) tmp = ((x + eps) ^ 5.0) - (x ^ 5.0); else tmp = (x * ((x * 10.0) * ((x + eps) * (eps * eps)))) + ((x ^ 4.0) * (eps * 5.0)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Power[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision], 5.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
code[x_, eps_] := If[LessEqual[x, -4.7e-48], N[(eps * N[(N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.0 * N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 1.3e-56], N[(N[Power[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision], 5.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(x * 10.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision] * N[(eps * eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(eps * 5.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
{\left(x + \varepsilon\right)}^{5} - {x}^{5}
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4.7 \cdot 10^{-48}:\\
\;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \left({x}^{4} + 4 \cdot {x}^{4}\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.3 \cdot 10^{-56}:\\
\;\;\;\;{\left(x + \varepsilon\right)}^{5} - {x}^{5}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 10\right) \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right)\right) + {x}^{4} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot 5\right)\\
\end{array}
Herbie found 6 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
Results
if x < -4.6999999999999998e-48Initial program 61.2%
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.9%
if -4.6999999999999998e-48 < x < 1.29999999999999998e-56Initial program 100.0%
if 1.29999999999999998e-56 < x Initial program 48.4%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.7%
Simplified99.7%
[Start]99.7% | \[ \left(4 \cdot \varepsilon + \varepsilon\right) \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)
\] |
|---|---|
fma-def [=>]99.7% | \[ \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(4 \cdot \varepsilon + \varepsilon, {x}^{4}, \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)}
\] |
distribute-lft1-in [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(4 + 1\right) \cdot \varepsilon}, {x}^{4}, \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{5} \cdot \varepsilon, {x}^{4}, \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot 5}, {x}^{4}, \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2}\right)
\] |
+-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3}}\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right)} + \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot {x}^{3}\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) + \color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)}\right)
\] |
unpow3 [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)
\] |
unpow2 [<=]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) + \left(\color{blue}{{x}^{2}} \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*l* [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, {x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) + \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)
\] |
distribute-lft-out [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{{x}^{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right) \cdot \varepsilon + 4 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) + x \cdot \left(2 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2} + 8 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)\right)}\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.7%
Simplified99.7%
[Start]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right)\right)
\] |
|---|---|
+-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right)}\right) + 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*r* [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{\left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)} + 10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + 10 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*r* [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \color{blue}{\left(10 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot {x}^{3}}\right)
\] |
cube-mult [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \left(10 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}\right)
\] |
associate-*r* [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3}\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + \color{blue}{\left(\left(10 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)}\right)
\] |
distribute-rgt-in [<=]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} + \left(10 \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot x\right)}\right)
\] |
associate-*r* [<=]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} + \color{blue}{10 \cdot \left(\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot x\right)}\right)\right)
\] |
unpow2 [<=]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} + 10 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{\varepsilon}^{2}} \cdot x\right)\right)\right)
\] |
distribute-lft-out [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + {\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot x\right)\right)}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right)} \cdot x\right)\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*l* [=>]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)}\right)\right)\right)
\] |
Applied egg-rr99.7%
[Start]99.7% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5, {x}^{4}, \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)
\] |
|---|---|
fma-udef [=>]99.7% | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot 5\right) \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)}
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ \color{blue}{{x}^{4} \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot 5\right)} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right)} + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*l* [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) + \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(10 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\right)}
\] |
associate-*r* [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) + x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot 10\right) \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)}
\] |
unpow3 [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) + x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 10\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \varepsilon} + \varepsilon \cdot \left(\varepsilon \cdot x\right)\right)\right)
\] |
associate-*r* [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) + x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 10\right) \cdot \left(\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \varepsilon + \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot x}\right)\right)
\] |
distribute-lft-out [=>]99.7% | \[ {x}^{4} \cdot \left(5 \cdot \varepsilon\right) + x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 10\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\varepsilon + x\right)\right)}\right)
\] |
Final simplification100.0%
| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.8% |
| Cost | 13512 |
| Alternative 2 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.8% |
| Cost | 13512 |
| Alternative 3 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.5% |
| Cost | 7944 |
| Alternative 4 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.4% |
| Cost | 6916 |
| Alternative 5 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.4% |
| Cost | 6793 |
| Alternative 6 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 86.1% |
| Cost | 704 |
herbie shell --seed 2023263
(FPCore (x eps)
:name "ENA, Section 1.4, Exercise 4b, n=5"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (and (<= -1000000000.0 x) (<= x 1000000000.0)) (and (<= -1.0 eps) (<= eps 1.0)))
(- (pow (+ x eps) 5.0) (pow x 5.0)))