| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.5% |
| Cost | 91848 |

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (tan (+ x eps)) (tan x)))
(FPCore (x eps)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* (tan x) (tan eps)))
(t_1 (- (tan x)))
(t_2 (+ (tan x) (tan eps))))
(if (<= eps -2.1e-6)
(fma t_2 (/ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (+ 1.0 (- -1.0 t_0)))) t_1)
(if (<= eps 3.15e-6)
(+
(/
(/ (sin eps) (cos eps))
(- 1.0 (/ (sin x) (/ (* (cos eps) (cos x)) (sin eps)))))
(+
(/ (* eps eps) (/ (pow (cos x) 3.0) (pow (sin x) 3.0)))
(/ eps (/ (pow (cos x) 2.0) (pow (sin x) 2.0)))))
(fma t_2 (/ 1.0 (- 1.0 t_0)) t_1)))))double code(double x, double eps) {
return tan((x + eps)) - tan(x);
}
double code(double x, double eps) {
double t_0 = tan(x) * tan(eps);
double t_1 = -tan(x);
double t_2 = tan(x) + tan(eps);
double tmp;
if (eps <= -2.1e-6) {
tmp = fma(t_2, (1.0 / (1.0 + (1.0 + (-1.0 - t_0)))), t_1);
} else if (eps <= 3.15e-6) {
tmp = ((sin(eps) / cos(eps)) / (1.0 - (sin(x) / ((cos(eps) * cos(x)) / sin(eps))))) + (((eps * eps) / (pow(cos(x), 3.0) / pow(sin(x), 3.0))) + (eps / (pow(cos(x), 2.0) / pow(sin(x), 2.0))));
} else {
tmp = fma(t_2, (1.0 / (1.0 - t_0)), t_1);
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x, eps) return Float64(tan(Float64(x + eps)) - tan(x)) end
function code(x, eps) t_0 = Float64(tan(x) * tan(eps)) t_1 = Float64(-tan(x)) t_2 = Float64(tan(x) + tan(eps)) tmp = 0.0 if (eps <= -2.1e-6) tmp = fma(t_2, Float64(1.0 / Float64(1.0 + Float64(1.0 + Float64(-1.0 - t_0)))), t_1); elseif (eps <= 3.15e-6) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(sin(eps) / cos(eps)) / Float64(1.0 - Float64(sin(x) / Float64(Float64(cos(eps) * cos(x)) / sin(eps))))) + Float64(Float64(Float64(eps * eps) / Float64((cos(x) ^ 3.0) / (sin(x) ^ 3.0))) + Float64(eps / Float64((cos(x) ^ 2.0) / (sin(x) ^ 2.0))))); else tmp = fma(t_2, Float64(1.0 / Float64(1.0 - t_0)), t_1); end return tmp end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Tan[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Tan[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = (-N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision])}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[Tan[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[eps, -2.1e-6], N[(t$95$2 * N[(1.0 / N[(1.0 + N[(1.0 + N[(-1.0 - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[eps, 3.15e-6], N[(N[(N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] / N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(1.0 - N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(eps * eps), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Power[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(eps / N[(N[Power[N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(t$95$2 * N[(1.0 / N[(1.0 - t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]]]]]]
\tan \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \tan x
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon\\
t_1 := -\tan x\\
t_2 := \tan x + \tan \varepsilon\\
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -2.1 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t_2, \frac{1}{1 + \left(1 + \left(-1 - t_0\right)\right)}, t_1\right)\\
\mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 3.15 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\frac{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}{\frac{{\cos x}^{3}}{{\sin x}^{3}}} + \frac{\varepsilon}{\frac{{\cos x}^{2}}{{\sin x}^{2}}}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(t_2, \frac{1}{1 - t_0}, t_1\right)\\
\end{array}
Herbie found 14 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
| Original | 41.7% |
|---|---|
| Target | 75.9% |
| Herbie | 99.5% |
if eps < -2.0999999999999998e-6Initial program 53.3%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
[Start]53.3% | \[ \tan \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \tan x
\] |
|---|---|
tan-sum [=>]99.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\tan x + \tan \varepsilon}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
div-inv [=>]99.4% | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
fma-neg [=>]99.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}, -\tan x\right)}
\] |
Applied egg-rr99.5%
[Start]99.5% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
|---|---|
expm1-log1p-u [=>]80.8% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right)\right)}}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
expm1-udef [=>]80.8% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \color{blue}{\left(e^{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right)} - 1\right)}}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
log1p-udef [=>]80.8% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(e^{\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right)}} - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
add-exp-log [<=]99.5% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right)} - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
add-cube-cbrt [=>]99.2% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\tan x} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right)} \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right) - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
unpow3 [<=]99.2% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right)}^{3}} \cdot \tan \varepsilon\right) - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]99.2% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\tan \varepsilon \cdot {\left(\sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right)}^{3}}\right) - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
unpow3 [=>]99.2% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\left(1 + \tan \varepsilon \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\tan x} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\tan x}\right)}\right) - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
add-cube-cbrt [<=]99.5% | \[ \mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \left(\left(1 + \tan \varepsilon \cdot \color{blue}{\tan x}\right) - 1\right)}, -\tan x\right)
\] |
if -2.0999999999999998e-6 < eps < 3.14999999999999991e-6Initial program 21.3%
Applied egg-rr22.9%
[Start]21.3% | \[ \tan \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \tan x
\] |
|---|---|
tan-sum [=>]22.9% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\tan x + \tan \varepsilon}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
div-inv [=>]22.9% | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
fma-neg [=>]22.9% | \[ \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}, -\tan x\right)}
\] |
Taylor expanded in x around inf 22.9%
Simplified56.6%
[Start]22.9% | \[ \left(\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)} + \frac{\sin x}{\cos x \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)}\right) - \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}
\] |
|---|---|
associate--l+ [=>]56.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)} + \left(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)} - \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right)}
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]56.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}}} + \left(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)} - \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right)
\] |
associate-/l* [=>]56.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \color{blue}{\frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}}} + \left(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x \cdot \left(1 - \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}\right)} - \frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.6%
Simplified99.6%
[Start]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\frac{\varepsilon \cdot {\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}} + \frac{{\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {\sin x}^{3}}{{\cos x}^{3}}\right)
\] |
|---|---|
associate-*r/ [<=]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \frac{{\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}}} + \frac{{\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {\sin x}^{3}}{{\cos x}^{3}}\right)
\] |
+-commutative [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot {\sin x}^{3}}{{\cos x}^{3}} + \varepsilon \cdot \frac{{\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
associate-/l* [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\color{blue}{\frac{{\varepsilon}^{2}}{\frac{{\cos x}^{3}}{{\sin x}^{3}}}} + \varepsilon \cdot \frac{{\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}}{\frac{{\cos x}^{3}}{{\sin x}^{3}}} + \varepsilon \cdot \frac{{\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}}\right)
\] |
associate-*r/ [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\frac{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}{\frac{{\cos x}^{3}}{{\sin x}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\varepsilon \cdot {\sin x}^{2}}{{\cos x}^{2}}}\right)
\] |
associate-/l* [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\sin \varepsilon}{\cos \varepsilon}}{1 - \frac{\sin x}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x}{\sin \varepsilon}}} + \left(\frac{\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon}{\frac{{\cos x}^{3}}{{\sin x}^{3}}} + \color{blue}{\frac{\varepsilon}{\frac{{\cos x}^{2}}{{\sin x}^{2}}}}\right)
\] |
if 3.14999999999999991e-6 < eps Initial program 58.6%
Applied egg-rr99.6%
[Start]58.6% | \[ \tan \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \tan x
\] |
|---|---|
tan-sum [=>]99.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\tan x + \tan \varepsilon}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
div-inv [=>]99.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}} - \tan x
\] |
fma-neg [=>]99.6% | \[ \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\tan x + \tan \varepsilon, \frac{1}{1 - \tan x \cdot \tan \varepsilon}, -\tan x\right)}
\] |
Final simplification99.6%
| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.5% |
| Cost | 91848 |
| Alternative 2 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.4% |
| Cost | 72008 |
| Alternative 3 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.3% |
| Cost | 65608 |
| Alternative 4 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.3% |
| Cost | 39556 |
| Alternative 5 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.3% |
| Cost | 39433 |
| Alternative 6 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.3% |
| Cost | 33096 |
| Alternative 7 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.3% |
| Cost | 32969 |
| Alternative 8 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 76.9% |
| Cost | 26441 |
| Alternative 9 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 76.9% |
| Cost | 26441 |
| Alternative 10 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 76.9% |
| Cost | 26441 |
| Alternative 11 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 57.7% |
| Cost | 12992 |
| Alternative 12 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 50.8% |
| Cost | 6985 |
| Alternative 13 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 27.0% |
| Cost | 448 |
| Alternative 14 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 3.6% |
| Cost | 128 |
herbie shell --seed 2023263
(FPCore (x eps)
:name "2tan (problem 3.3.2)"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(/ (sin eps) (* (cos x) (cos (+ x eps))))
(- (tan (+ x eps)) (tan x)))