
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -1.0) (not (<= t_0 1e-6)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -1.0) || !(t_0 <= 1e-6)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-1.0d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 1d-6))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (2.0d0 + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -1.0) || !(t_0 <= 1e-6)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -1.0) or not (t_0 <= 1e-6): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -1.0) || !(t_0 <= 1e-6)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -1.0) || ~((t_0 <= 1e-6))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -1.0], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1e-6]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -1 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 10^{-6}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -1 or 9.99999999999999955e-7 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -1 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 9.99999999999999955e-7Initial program 7.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(/
(*
x
(/
(+
(*
x
(* (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)) (* x (* (* x x) 0.1111111111111111))))
8.0)
4.0))
2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (((x * ((0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)) * (x * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111)))) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (((x * ((0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)) * (x * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111d0)))) + 8.0d0) / 4.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (((x * ((0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)) * (x * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111)))) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (((x * ((0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)) * (x * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111)))) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)) * Float64(x * Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.1111111111111111)))) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (((x * ((0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)) * (x * ((x * x) * 0.1111111111111111)))) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(x * N[(N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x * N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 8.0), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \frac{x \cdot \left(\left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.1111111111111111\right)\right)\right) + 8}{4}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
+-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
fma-udef83.1%
flip3-+48.3%
metadata-eval48.3%
metadata-eval48.3%
Applied egg-rr48.3%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 89.3%
unpow389.3%
associate-*l*89.3%
associate-*l*89.3%
associate-*l*89.3%
associate-*l*89.3%
*-commutative89.3%
swap-sqr89.3%
metadata-eval89.3%
associate-*r*89.3%
*-commutative89.3%
Applied egg-rr89.3%
Final simplification89.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.5) (not (<= x 2.5))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.5d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.5d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.5) or not (x <= 2.5): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.5) || ~((x <= 2.5))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.5], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.5]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.5\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.5 or 2.5 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.7%
unpow368.7%
associate-*r*68.7%
distribute-rgt-out68.7%
*-commutative68.7%
+-commutative68.7%
associate-*l*68.7%
fma-def68.7%
Simplified68.7%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.7%
unpow268.7%
Simplified68.7%
if -2.5 < x < 2.5Initial program 7.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.3%
Final simplification83.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow383.1%
associate-*r*83.1%
distribute-rgt-out83.1%
*-commutative83.1%
+-commutative83.1%
associate-*l*83.1%
fma-def83.1%
Simplified83.1%
fma-udef83.1%
Applied egg-rr83.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.1%
unpow283.1%
Simplified83.1%
Final simplification83.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.5%
Final simplification49.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 56.8%
Applied egg-rr3.0%
Final simplification3.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 56.8%
Applied egg-rr3.5%
Final simplification3.5%
herbie shell --seed 2023257
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))