
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log1p (expm1 x)))
double code(double x) {
return log1p(expm1(x));
}
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.log1p(Math.expm1(x));
}
def code(x): return math.log1p(math.expm1(x))
function code(x) return log1p(expm1(x)) end
code[x_] := N[Log[1 + N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 54.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.0%
associate-/l*51.5%
associate-/r/51.7%
metadata-eval51.7%
*-un-lft-identity51.7%
log1p-expm1-u99.3%
Applied egg-rr99.3%
Final simplification99.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -5.0) (not (<= x 4.9))) (/ (* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0)) 2.0) (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5.0) || !(x <= 4.9)) {
tmp = (0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-5.0d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 4.9d0))) then
tmp = (0.016666666666666666d0 * (x ** 5.0d0)) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -5.0) || !(x <= 4.9)) {
tmp = (0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -5.0) or not (x <= 4.9): tmp = (0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -5.0) || !(x <= 4.9)) tmp = Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -5.0) || ~((x <= 4.9))) tmp = (0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -5.0], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 4.9]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 4.9\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5}}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -5 or 4.9000000000000004 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 81.2%
associate-+r+81.2%
unpow381.2%
associate-*r*81.2%
distribute-rgt-out81.2%
*-commutative81.2%
fma-def81.2%
+-commutative81.2%
associate-*l*81.2%
fma-def81.2%
Simplified81.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 81.2%
if -5 < x < 4.9000000000000004Initial program 6.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.8%
unpow399.8%
associate-*r*99.8%
distribute-rgt-out99.8%
*-commutative99.8%
+-commutative99.8%
associate-*l*99.8%
fma-def99.8%
Simplified99.8%
fma-udef99.8%
Applied egg-rr99.8%
Final simplification90.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x * 2.0d0) + (0.016666666666666666d0 * (x ** 5.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return ((x * 2.0) + (0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2 + 0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 54.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 90.5%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 90.2%
Final simplification90.2%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.5) (not (<= x 2.5))) (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x (* 0.5 (* x x)))) x))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * (0.5 * (x * x)));
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.5d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.5d0))) then
tmp = 0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * (0.5d0 * (x * x)))
else
tmp = x
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * (0.5 * (x * x)));
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.5) or not (x <= 2.5): tmp = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * (0.5 * (x * x))) else: tmp = x return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.5) || !(x <= 2.5)) tmp = Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * Float64(0.5 * Float64(x * x)))); else tmp = x; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.5) || ~((x <= 2.5))) tmp = 0.3333333333333333 * (x * (0.5 * (x * x))); else tmp = x; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.5], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.5]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * N[(0.5 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], x]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.5\right):\\
\;\;\;\;0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.5 or 2.5 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 71.7%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 71.7%
associate-/l*71.7%
div-inv71.7%
Applied egg-rr71.7%
associate-/r/71.7%
metadata-eval71.7%
unpow371.7%
associate-*r*71.0%
Applied egg-rr71.0%
if -2.5 < x < 2.5Initial program 6.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.4%
Final simplification85.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 54.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 85.5%
unpow385.5%
associate-*r*84.8%
distribute-rgt-out84.8%
*-commutative84.8%
+-commutative84.8%
associate-*l*84.8%
fma-def84.8%
Simplified84.8%
fma-udef84.8%
Applied egg-rr84.8%
Final simplification84.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 54.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.0%
Final simplification52.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)
double code(double x) {
return x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x;
}
def code(x): return x
function code(x) return x end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x; end
code[x_] := x
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x
\end{array}
Initial program 54.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 51.7%
Final simplification51.7%
herbie shell --seed 2023228
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))