
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) 1.0) x))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - 1.0) / x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - 1.0d0) / x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - 1.0) / x;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - 1.0) / x
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - 1.0) / x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - 1.0) / x; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) 1.0) x))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - 1.0) / x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - 1.0d0) / x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - 1.0) / x;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - 1.0) / x
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - 1.0) / x) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - 1.0) / x; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (expm1 x) x))
double code(double x) {
return expm1(x) / x;
}
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.expm1(x) / x;
}
def code(x): return math.expm1(x) / x
function code(x) return Float64(expm1(x) / x) end
code[x_] := N[(N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision] / x), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)}{x}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.4%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(if (<= x 2.9)
(+ (* x 0.5) (+ (* (* x x) 0.16666666666666666) 1.0))
(+
(* x 0.5)
(/
(* (* x x) (- 0.027777777777777776 (* (* x x) 0.001736111111111111)))
(+ 0.16666666666666666 (* x -0.041666666666666664))))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 2.9) {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * (0.027777777777777776 - ((x * x) * 0.001736111111111111))) / (0.16666666666666666 + (x * -0.041666666666666664)));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (x <= 2.9d0) then
tmp = (x * 0.5d0) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666d0) + 1.0d0)
else
tmp = (x * 0.5d0) + (((x * x) * (0.027777777777777776d0 - ((x * x) * 0.001736111111111111d0))) / (0.16666666666666666d0 + (x * (-0.041666666666666664d0))))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 2.9) {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * (0.027777777777777776 - ((x * x) * 0.001736111111111111))) / (0.16666666666666666 + (x * -0.041666666666666664)));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if x <= 2.9: tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0) else: tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * (0.027777777777777776 - ((x * x) * 0.001736111111111111))) / (0.16666666666666666 + (x * -0.041666666666666664))) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= 2.9) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(0.027777777777777776 - Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.001736111111111111))) / Float64(0.16666666666666666 + Float64(x * -0.041666666666666664)))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (x <= 2.9) tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0); else tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * (0.027777777777777776 - ((x * x) * 0.001736111111111111))) / (0.16666666666666666 + (x * -0.041666666666666664))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 2.9], N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.027777777777777776 - N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.001736111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(0.16666666666666666 + N[(x * -0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 2.9:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot 0.5 + \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.16666666666666666 + 1\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot 0.5 + \frac{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.027777777777777776 - \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.001736111111111111\right)}{0.16666666666666666 + x \cdot -0.041666666666666664}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < 2.89999999999999991Initial program 40.2%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 63.7%
add-log-exp63.8%
*-un-lft-identity63.8%
log-prod63.8%
metadata-eval63.8%
add-log-exp63.7%
unpow263.7%
Applied egg-rr63.7%
+-lft-identity63.7%
Simplified63.7%
*-un-lft-identity63.7%
*-commutative63.7%
+-commutative63.7%
associate-+r+63.7%
cube-mult63.7%
associate-*r*63.7%
*-commutative63.7%
distribute-rgt-in64.0%
+-commutative64.0%
fma-def64.0%
Applied egg-rr64.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.5%
if 2.89999999999999991 < x Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
unpow268.2%
*-commutative68.2%
cube-mult68.2%
associate-*r*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
distribute-lft-out68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
flip-+68.2%
associate-*l/78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
swap-sqr78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
*-commutative78.0%
cancel-sign-sub-inv78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
Applied egg-rr78.0%
Final simplification67.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ (* x 0.5) (+ 1.0 (* (* x x) (+ 0.16666666666666666 (* x 0.041666666666666664))))))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.5) + (1.0 + ((x * x) * (0.16666666666666666 + (x * 0.041666666666666664))));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 0.5d0) + (1.0d0 + ((x * x) * (0.16666666666666666d0 + (x * 0.041666666666666664d0))))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.5) + (1.0 + ((x * x) * (0.16666666666666666 + (x * 0.041666666666666664))));
}
def code(x): return (x * 0.5) + (1.0 + ((x * x) * (0.16666666666666666 + (x * 0.041666666666666664))))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(0.16666666666666666 + Float64(x * 0.041666666666666664))))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 0.5) + (1.0 + ((x * x) * (0.16666666666666666 + (x * 0.041666666666666664)))); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.16666666666666666 + N[(x * 0.041666666666666664), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.5 + \left(1 + \left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 + x \cdot 0.041666666666666664\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 55.4%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.9%
add-log-exp73.0%
*-un-lft-identity73.0%
log-prod73.0%
metadata-eval73.0%
add-log-exp64.9%
unpow264.9%
Applied egg-rr64.9%
+-lft-identity64.9%
Simplified64.9%
*-un-lft-identity64.9%
*-commutative64.9%
+-commutative64.9%
associate-+r+64.9%
cube-mult64.9%
associate-*r*64.9%
*-commutative64.9%
distribute-rgt-in65.0%
+-commutative65.0%
fma-def65.0%
Applied egg-rr65.0%
fma-udef65.0%
Applied egg-rr65.0%
Final simplification65.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x 1.65) 1.0 (+ (* x 0.5) (/ (* x x) (/ 24.0 x)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 1.65) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (x <= 1.65d0) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 0.5d0) + ((x * x) / (24.0d0 / x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 1.65) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if x <= 1.65: tmp = 1.0 else: tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= 1.65) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(Float64(x * x) / Float64(24.0 / x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (x <= 1.65) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.65], 1.0, N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / N[(24.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.65:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot 0.5 + \frac{x \cdot x}{\frac{24}{x}}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < 1.6499999999999999Initial program 40.2%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.4%
if 1.6499999999999999 < x Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
unpow268.2%
*-commutative68.2%
cube-mult68.2%
associate-*r*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
distribute-lft-out68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
flip-+68.2%
associate-*r/78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
swap-sqr78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
*-commutative78.0%
cancel-sign-sub-inv78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
Applied egg-rr78.0%
associate-/l*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
Final simplification65.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x 4.9) (+ (* x 0.5) (+ (* (* x x) 0.16666666666666666) 1.0)) (+ (* x 0.5) (/ (* x x) (/ 24.0 x)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 4.9) {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (x <= 4.9d0) then
tmp = (x * 0.5d0) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666d0) + 1.0d0)
else
tmp = (x * 0.5d0) + ((x * x) / (24.0d0 / x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 4.9) {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0);
} else {
tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if x <= 4.9: tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0) else: tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= 4.9) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(Float64(Float64(x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + Float64(Float64(x * x) / Float64(24.0 / x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (x <= 4.9) tmp = (x * 0.5) + (((x * x) * 0.16666666666666666) + 1.0); else tmp = (x * 0.5) + ((x * x) / (24.0 / x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 4.9], N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / N[(24.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 4.9:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot 0.5 + \left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot 0.16666666666666666 + 1\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot 0.5 + \frac{x \cdot x}{\frac{24}{x}}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < 4.9000000000000004Initial program 40.2%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 63.7%
add-log-exp63.8%
*-un-lft-identity63.8%
log-prod63.8%
metadata-eval63.8%
add-log-exp63.7%
unpow263.7%
Applied egg-rr63.7%
+-lft-identity63.7%
Simplified63.7%
*-un-lft-identity63.7%
*-commutative63.7%
+-commutative63.7%
associate-+r+63.7%
cube-mult63.7%
associate-*r*63.7%
*-commutative63.7%
distribute-rgt-in64.0%
+-commutative64.0%
fma-def64.0%
Applied egg-rr64.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.5%
if 4.9000000000000004 < x Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
unpow268.2%
*-commutative68.2%
cube-mult68.2%
associate-*r*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
distribute-lft-out68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
flip-+68.2%
associate-*r/78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
swap-sqr78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
*-commutative78.0%
cancel-sign-sub-inv78.0%
metadata-eval78.0%
Applied egg-rr78.0%
associate-/l*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
Final simplification65.4%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (<= x 1.35) 1.0 (* x (+ 0.5 (* x 0.16666666666666666)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 1.35) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = x * (0.5 + (x * 0.16666666666666666));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (x <= 1.35d0) then
tmp = 1.0d0
else
tmp = x * (0.5d0 + (x * 0.16666666666666666d0))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (x <= 1.35) {
tmp = 1.0;
} else {
tmp = x * (0.5 + (x * 0.16666666666666666));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if x <= 1.35: tmp = 1.0 else: tmp = x * (0.5 + (x * 0.16666666666666666)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (x <= 1.35) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = Float64(x * Float64(0.5 + Float64(x * 0.16666666666666666))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (x <= 1.35) tmp = 1.0; else tmp = x * (0.5 + (x * 0.16666666666666666)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, 1.35], 1.0, N[(x * N[(0.5 + N[(x * 0.16666666666666666), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.35:\\
\;\;\;\;1\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(0.5 + x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right)\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < 1.3500000000000001Initial program 40.2%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 64.4%
if 1.3500000000000001 < x Initial program 100.0%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 68.2%
unpow268.2%
*-commutative68.2%
cube-mult68.2%
associate-*r*68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
distribute-lft-out68.2%
*-commutative68.2%
Simplified68.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 52.0%
unpow252.0%
*-commutative52.0%
associate-*r*52.0%
Simplified52.0%
+-commutative52.0%
*-commutative52.0%
distribute-lft-out52.0%
Applied egg-rr52.0%
Final simplification61.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ (* x 0.5) 1.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.5) + 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 0.5d0) + 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.5) + 1.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 0.5) + 1.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 0.5) + 1.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 0.5) + 1.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.5 + 1
\end{array}
Initial program 55.4%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 48.9%
Final simplification48.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 1.0)
double code(double x) {
return 1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 1.0;
}
def code(x): return 1.0
function code(x) return 1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 1.0; end
code[x_] := 1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
1
\end{array}
Initial program 55.4%
expm1-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 48.9%
Final simplification48.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) 1.0))) (if (and (< x 1.0) (> x -1.0)) (/ t_0 (log (exp x))) (/ t_0 x))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - 1.0;
double tmp;
if ((x < 1.0) && (x > -1.0)) {
tmp = t_0 / log(exp(x));
} else {
tmp = t_0 / x;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - 1.0d0
if ((x < 1.0d0) .and. (x > (-1.0d0))) then
tmp = t_0 / log(exp(x))
else
tmp = t_0 / x
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - 1.0;
double tmp;
if ((x < 1.0) && (x > -1.0)) {
tmp = t_0 / Math.log(Math.exp(x));
} else {
tmp = t_0 / x;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - 1.0 tmp = 0 if (x < 1.0) and (x > -1.0): tmp = t_0 / math.log(math.exp(x)) else: tmp = t_0 / x return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - 1.0) tmp = 0.0 if ((x < 1.0) && (x > -1.0)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / log(exp(x))); else tmp = Float64(t_0 / x); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - 1.0; tmp = 0.0; if ((x < 1.0) && (x > -1.0)) tmp = t_0 / log(exp(x)); else tmp = t_0 / x; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]}, If[And[Less[x, 1.0], Greater[x, -1.0]], N[(t$95$0 / N[Log[N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(t$95$0 / x), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - 1\\
\mathbf{if}\;x < 1 \land x > -1:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{x}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023223
(FPCore (x)
:name "Kahan's exp quotient"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(if (and (< x 1.0) (> x -1.0)) (/ (- (exp x) 1.0) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1.0) x))
(/ (- (exp x) 1.0) x))