
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (* (* (/ PI 2.0) (/ 1.0 (- (* b b) (* a a)))) (- (/ 1.0 a) (/ 1.0 b))))
double code(double a, double b) {
return ((((double) M_PI) / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b));
}
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return ((Math.PI / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b));
}
def code(a, b): return ((math.pi / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b))
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(a * a)))) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) - Float64(1.0 / b))) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((pi / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b)); end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 / N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(\frac{\pi}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a} - \frac{1}{b}\right)
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 10 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (* (* (/ PI 2.0) (/ 1.0 (- (* b b) (* a a)))) (- (/ 1.0 a) (/ 1.0 b))))
double code(double a, double b) {
return ((((double) M_PI) / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b));
}
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return ((Math.PI / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b));
}
def code(a, b): return ((math.pi / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b))
function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64(Float64(pi / 2.0) * Float64(1.0 / Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(a * a)))) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) - Float64(1.0 / b))) end
function tmp = code(a, b) tmp = ((pi / 2.0) * (1.0 / ((b * b) - (a * a)))) * ((1.0 / a) - (1.0 / b)); end
code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(N[(Pi / 2.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 / N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\left(\frac{\pi}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a} - \frac{1}{b}\right)
\end{array}
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (a b)
:precision binary64
(if (<= a -2.05e+96)
(/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5))
(if (<= a -1.76e-264)
(* (* 0.5 (* (/ PI (+ a b)) (/ 1.0 (- b a)))) (+ (/ 1.0 a) (/ -1.0 b)))
(* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b)))))assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -2.05e+96) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -1.76e-264) {
tmp = (0.5 * ((((double) M_PI) / (a + b)) * (1.0 / (b - a)))) * ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b));
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -2.05e+96) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -1.76e-264) {
tmp = (0.5 * ((Math.PI / (a + b)) * (1.0 / (b - a)))) * ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b));
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if a <= -2.05e+96: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) elif a <= -1.76e-264: tmp = (0.5 * ((math.pi / (a + b)) * (1.0 / (b - a)))) * ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b)) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (a <= -2.05e+96) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); elseif (a <= -1.76e-264) tmp = Float64(Float64(0.5 * Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(a + b)) * Float64(1.0 / Float64(b - a)))) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) + Float64(-1.0 / b))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (a <= -2.05e+96)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
elseif (a <= -1.76e-264)
tmp = (0.5 * ((pi / (a + b)) * (1.0 / (b - a)))) * ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b));
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[a, -2.05e+96], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[a, -1.76e-264], N[(N[(0.5 * N[(N[(Pi / N[(a + b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 / N[(b - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq -2.05 \cdot 10^{+96}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq -1.76 \cdot 10^{-264}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(0.5 \cdot \left(\frac{\pi}{a + b} \cdot \frac{1}{b - a}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a} + \frac{-1}{b}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if a < -2.04999999999999999e96Initial program 68.6%
times-frac68.6%
*-commutative68.6%
times-frac68.6%
difference-of-squares85.0%
associate-/r*86.2%
metadata-eval86.2%
sub-neg86.2%
distribute-neg-frac86.2%
metadata-eval86.2%
Simplified86.2%
clear-num86.3%
inv-pow86.3%
Applied egg-rr86.3%
unpow-186.3%
+-commutative86.3%
Simplified86.3%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 85.1%
*-commutative85.1%
associate-/r/85.1%
unpow285.1%
associate-*l*98.3%
Simplified98.3%
if -2.04999999999999999e96 < a < -1.76000000000000008e-264Initial program 82.5%
times-frac82.5%
*-commutative82.5%
times-frac82.5%
difference-of-squares88.8%
associate-/r*90.4%
metadata-eval90.4%
sub-neg90.4%
distribute-neg-frac90.4%
metadata-eval90.4%
Simplified90.4%
div-inv90.4%
Applied egg-rr90.4%
if -1.76000000000000008e-264 < a Initial program 79.0%
associate-*r/79.1%
*-rgt-identity79.1%
sub-neg79.1%
distribute-neg-frac79.1%
metadata-eval79.1%
Simplified79.1%
associate-*l/79.1%
div-inv79.1%
metadata-eval79.1%
Applied egg-rr79.1%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 55.2%
unpow255.2%
Simplified55.2%
times-frac59.8%
Applied egg-rr59.8%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 69.2%
Final simplification81.3%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (a b)
:precision binary64
(if (<= a -6.5e+95)
(/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5))
(if (<= a -1.76e-264)
(* (+ (/ 1.0 a) (/ -1.0 b)) (* 0.5 (/ (/ PI (+ a b)) (- b a))))
(* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b)))))assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -6.5e+95) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -1.76e-264) {
tmp = ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b)) * (0.5 * ((((double) M_PI) / (a + b)) / (b - a)));
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -6.5e+95) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -1.76e-264) {
tmp = ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b)) * (0.5 * ((Math.PI / (a + b)) / (b - a)));
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if a <= -6.5e+95: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) elif a <= -1.76e-264: tmp = ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b)) * (0.5 * ((math.pi / (a + b)) / (b - a))) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (a <= -6.5e+95) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); elseif (a <= -1.76e-264) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) + Float64(-1.0 / b)) * Float64(0.5 * Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(a + b)) / Float64(b - a)))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (a <= -6.5e+95)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
elseif (a <= -1.76e-264)
tmp = ((1.0 / a) + (-1.0 / b)) * (0.5 * ((pi / (a + b)) / (b - a)));
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[a, -6.5e+95], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[a, -1.76e-264], N[(N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.5 * N[(N[(Pi / N[(a + b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(b - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq -6.5 \cdot 10^{+95}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq -1.76 \cdot 10^{-264}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{a} + \frac{-1}{b}\right) \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \frac{\frac{\pi}{a + b}}{b - a}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if a < -6.5e95Initial program 69.2%
times-frac69.2%
*-commutative69.2%
times-frac69.2%
difference-of-squares85.2%
associate-/r*86.5%
metadata-eval86.5%
sub-neg86.5%
distribute-neg-frac86.5%
metadata-eval86.5%
Simplified86.5%
clear-num86.6%
inv-pow86.6%
Applied egg-rr86.6%
unpow-186.6%
+-commutative86.6%
Simplified86.6%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 85.4%
*-commutative85.4%
associate-/r/85.4%
unpow285.4%
associate-*l*98.3%
Simplified98.3%
if -6.5e95 < a < -1.76000000000000008e-264Initial program 82.3%
times-frac82.3%
*-commutative82.3%
times-frac82.3%
difference-of-squares88.7%
associate-/r*90.3%
metadata-eval90.3%
sub-neg90.3%
distribute-neg-frac90.3%
metadata-eval90.3%
Simplified90.3%
if -1.76000000000000008e-264 < a Initial program 79.0%
associate-*r/79.1%
*-rgt-identity79.1%
sub-neg79.1%
distribute-neg-frac79.1%
metadata-eval79.1%
Simplified79.1%
associate-*l/79.1%
div-inv79.1%
metadata-eval79.1%
Applied egg-rr79.1%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 55.2%
unpow255.2%
Simplified55.2%
times-frac59.8%
Applied egg-rr59.8%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 69.2%
Final simplification81.3%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (a b)
:precision binary64
(if (<= b 2.8e-104)
(/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5))
(if (<= b 2e+153)
(* (/ PI (- (* b b) (* a a))) (+ (/ 0.5 a) (/ -0.5 b)))
(* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b)))))assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 2.8e-104) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (b <= 2e+153) {
tmp = (((double) M_PI) / ((b * b) - (a * a))) * ((0.5 / a) + (-0.5 / b));
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 2.8e-104) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (b <= 2e+153) {
tmp = (Math.PI / ((b * b) - (a * a))) * ((0.5 / a) + (-0.5 / b));
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 2.8e-104: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) elif b <= 2e+153: tmp = (math.pi / ((b * b) - (a * a))) * ((0.5 / a) + (-0.5 / b)) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 2.8e-104) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); elseif (b <= 2e+153) tmp = Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(a * a))) * Float64(Float64(0.5 / a) + Float64(-0.5 / b))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 2.8e-104)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
elseif (b <= 2e+153)
tmp = (pi / ((b * b) - (a * a))) * ((0.5 / a) + (-0.5 / b));
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 2.8e-104], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[b, 2e+153], N[(N[(Pi / N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(0.5 / a), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.5 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 2.8 \cdot 10^{-104}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 2 \cdot 10^{+153}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{b \cdot b - a \cdot a} \cdot \left(\frac{0.5}{a} + \frac{-0.5}{b}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 2.8e-104Initial program 75.6%
times-frac75.6%
*-commutative75.6%
times-frac75.6%
difference-of-squares84.0%
associate-/r*85.6%
metadata-eval85.6%
sub-neg85.6%
distribute-neg-frac85.6%
metadata-eval85.6%
Simplified85.6%
clear-num85.6%
inv-pow85.6%
Applied egg-rr85.6%
unpow-185.6%
+-commutative85.6%
Simplified85.6%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 60.9%
*-commutative60.9%
associate-/r/60.9%
unpow260.9%
associate-*l*69.3%
Simplified69.3%
if 2.8e-104 < b < 2e153Initial program 99.3%
times-frac99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
times-frac99.5%
difference-of-squares99.5%
associate-/r*99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
sub-neg99.4%
distribute-neg-frac99.4%
metadata-eval99.4%
Simplified99.4%
distribute-lft-in99.4%
associate-/l/99.5%
associate-/l/99.5%
Applied egg-rr99.5%
distribute-lft-out99.5%
associate-*r*99.5%
associate-*l/99.5%
*-commutative99.5%
difference-of-squares99.5%
associate-*l/99.5%
distribute-lft-in99.5%
associate-*r/99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
associate-*r/99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
Simplified99.5%
if 2e153 < b Initial program 47.8%
associate-*r/47.8%
*-rgt-identity47.8%
sub-neg47.8%
distribute-neg-frac47.8%
metadata-eval47.8%
Simplified47.8%
associate-*l/47.8%
div-inv47.8%
metadata-eval47.8%
Applied egg-rr47.8%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 89.2%
unpow289.2%
Simplified89.2%
times-frac99.9%
Applied egg-rr99.9%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.9%
Final simplification80.0%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (a b)
:precision binary64
(if (<= a -3e+94)
(/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5))
(if (<= a -2.8e-116)
(* (/ (/ -0.5 (+ a b)) (- b a)) (/ PI b))
(* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b)))))assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -3e+94) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -2.8e-116) {
tmp = ((-0.5 / (a + b)) / (b - a)) * (((double) M_PI) / b);
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (a <= -3e+94) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (a <= -2.8e-116) {
tmp = ((-0.5 / (a + b)) / (b - a)) * (Math.PI / b);
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if a <= -3e+94: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) elif a <= -2.8e-116: tmp = ((-0.5 / (a + b)) / (b - a)) * (math.pi / b) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (a <= -3e+94) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); elseif (a <= -2.8e-116) tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(-0.5 / Float64(a + b)) / Float64(b - a)) * Float64(pi / b)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (a <= -3e+94)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
elseif (a <= -2.8e-116)
tmp = ((-0.5 / (a + b)) / (b - a)) * (pi / b);
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[a, -3e+94], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[a, -2.8e-116], N[(N[(N[(-0.5 / N[(a + b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(b - a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(Pi / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq -3 \cdot 10^{+94}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq -2.8 \cdot 10^{-116}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{-0.5}{a + b}}{b - a} \cdot \frac{\pi}{b}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if a < -3.0000000000000001e94Initial program 70.4%
times-frac70.4%
*-commutative70.4%
times-frac70.4%
difference-of-squares85.8%
associate-/r*87.0%
metadata-eval87.0%
sub-neg87.0%
distribute-neg-frac87.0%
metadata-eval87.0%
Simplified87.0%
clear-num87.1%
inv-pow87.1%
Applied egg-rr87.1%
unpow-187.1%
+-commutative87.1%
Simplified87.1%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 85.9%
*-commutative85.9%
associate-/r/85.9%
unpow285.9%
associate-*l*98.4%
Simplified98.4%
if -3.0000000000000001e94 < a < -2.7999999999999999e-116Initial program 97.2%
associate-*r/97.2%
*-rgt-identity97.2%
sub-neg97.2%
distribute-neg-frac97.2%
metadata-eval97.2%
Simplified97.2%
associate-*l/97.2%
div-inv97.2%
metadata-eval97.2%
Applied egg-rr97.2%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 72.9%
expm1-log1p-u52.1%
expm1-udef44.1%
associate-/l*44.1%
Applied egg-rr44.1%
expm1-def52.1%
expm1-log1p73.0%
associate-/r/73.0%
difference-of-squares73.0%
associate-/r*73.0%
Simplified73.0%
if -2.7999999999999999e-116 < a Initial program 75.3%
associate-*r/75.4%
*-rgt-identity75.4%
sub-neg75.4%
distribute-neg-frac75.4%
metadata-eval75.4%
Simplified75.4%
associate-*l/75.4%
div-inv75.4%
metadata-eval75.4%
Applied egg-rr75.4%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 55.7%
unpow255.7%
Simplified55.7%
times-frac64.0%
Applied egg-rr64.0%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 72.7%
Final simplification78.0%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function.
(FPCore (a b)
:precision binary64
(if (<= b 7.5e-67)
(/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5))
(if (<= b 7.2e+133)
(/ (* 0.5 (/ PI a)) (- (* b b) (* a a)))
(* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b)))))assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 7.5e-67) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (b <= 7.2e+133) {
tmp = (0.5 * (((double) M_PI) / a)) / ((b * b) - (a * a));
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 7.5e-67) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else if (b <= 7.2e+133) {
tmp = (0.5 * (Math.PI / a)) / ((b * b) - (a * a));
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 7.5e-67: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) elif b <= 7.2e+133: tmp = (0.5 * (math.pi / a)) / ((b * b) - (a * a)) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 7.5e-67) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); elseif (b <= 7.2e+133) tmp = Float64(Float64(0.5 * Float64(pi / a)) / Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(a * a))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 7.5e-67)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
elseif (b <= 7.2e+133)
tmp = (0.5 * (pi / a)) / ((b * b) - (a * a));
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 7.5e-67], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[b, 7.2e+133], N[(N[(0.5 * N[(Pi / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 7.5 \cdot 10^{-67}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 7.2 \cdot 10^{+133}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{0.5 \cdot \frac{\pi}{a}}{b \cdot b - a \cdot a}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 7.5000000000000005e-67Initial program 76.4%
times-frac76.4%
*-commutative76.4%
times-frac76.4%
difference-of-squares84.6%
associate-/r*86.1%
metadata-eval86.1%
sub-neg86.1%
distribute-neg-frac86.1%
metadata-eval86.1%
Simplified86.1%
clear-num86.0%
inv-pow86.0%
Applied egg-rr86.0%
unpow-186.0%
+-commutative86.0%
Simplified86.0%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 61.1%
*-commutative61.1%
associate-/r/61.1%
unpow261.1%
associate-*l*69.3%
Simplified69.3%
if 7.5000000000000005e-67 < b < 7.19999999999999956e133Initial program 99.3%
associate-*r/99.5%
*-rgt-identity99.5%
sub-neg99.5%
distribute-neg-frac99.5%
metadata-eval99.5%
Simplified99.5%
associate-*l/99.6%
div-inv99.6%
metadata-eval99.6%
Applied egg-rr99.6%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 88.4%
if 7.19999999999999956e133 < b Initial program 55.4%
associate-*r/55.5%
*-rgt-identity55.5%
sub-neg55.5%
distribute-neg-frac55.5%
metadata-eval55.5%
Simplified55.5%
associate-*l/55.3%
div-inv55.3%
metadata-eval55.3%
Applied egg-rr55.3%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 90.6%
unpow290.6%
Simplified90.6%
times-frac99.8%
Applied egg-rr99.8%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 99.8%
Final simplification77.1%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. (FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= b 1.15e-45) (/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5)) (* (/ (* PI 0.5) b) (/ (/ 1.0 a) b))))
assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else {
tmp = ((((double) M_PI) * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else {
tmp = ((Math.PI * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 1.15e-45: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) else: tmp = ((math.pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 1.15e-45) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.5) / b) * Float64(Float64(1.0 / a) / b)); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 1.15e-45)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
else
tmp = ((pi * 0.5) / b) * ((1.0 / a) / b);
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 1.15e-45], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(1.0 / a), $MachinePrecision] / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 1.15 \cdot 10^{-45}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi \cdot 0.5}{b} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{a}}{b}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 1.14999999999999996e-45Initial program 76.9%
times-frac76.9%
*-commutative76.9%
times-frac76.9%
difference-of-squares84.9%
associate-/r*86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
sub-neg86.3%
distribute-neg-frac86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
Simplified86.3%
clear-num86.3%
inv-pow86.3%
Applied egg-rr86.3%
unpow-186.3%
+-commutative86.3%
Simplified86.3%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 61.5%
*-commutative61.5%
associate-/r/61.5%
unpow261.5%
associate-*l*69.4%
Simplified69.4%
if 1.14999999999999996e-45 < b Initial program 80.7%
associate-*r/80.8%
*-rgt-identity80.8%
sub-neg80.8%
distribute-neg-frac80.8%
metadata-eval80.8%
Simplified80.8%
associate-*l/80.8%
div-inv80.8%
metadata-eval80.8%
Applied egg-rr80.8%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 72.3%
unpow272.3%
Simplified72.3%
times-frac76.2%
Applied egg-rr76.2%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 82.5%
Final simplification73.5%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. (FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= b 1.15e-45) (* (/ PI (* a a)) (/ 0.5 b)) (* 0.5 (/ PI (* a (* b b))))))
assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = (((double) M_PI) / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (((double) M_PI) / (a * (b * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = (Math.PI / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (Math.PI / (a * (b * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 1.15e-45: tmp = (math.pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b) else: tmp = 0.5 * (math.pi / (a * (b * b))) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 1.15e-45) tmp = Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(a * a)) * Float64(0.5 / b)); else tmp = Float64(0.5 * Float64(pi / Float64(a * Float64(b * b)))); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 1.15e-45)
tmp = (pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
else
tmp = 0.5 * (pi / (a * (b * b)));
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 1.15e-45], N[(N[(Pi / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.5 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.5 * N[(Pi / N[(a * N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 1.15 \cdot 10^{-45}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{a \cdot a} \cdot \frac{0.5}{b}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot \frac{\pi}{a \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 1.14999999999999996e-45Initial program 76.9%
times-frac76.9%
*-commutative76.9%
times-frac76.9%
difference-of-squares84.9%
associate-/r*86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
sub-neg86.3%
distribute-neg-frac86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
Simplified86.3%
div-inv86.4%
Applied egg-rr86.4%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 61.5%
associate-*r/61.5%
*-commutative61.5%
times-frac61.4%
unpow261.4%
Simplified61.4%
if 1.14999999999999996e-45 < b Initial program 80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
associate-*l/80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
times-frac80.7%
Simplified80.8%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 78.4%
unpow278.4%
Simplified78.4%
Final simplification66.7%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. (FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= b 1.15e-45) (* (/ PI (* a a)) (/ 0.5 b)) (* 0.5 (/ PI (* b (* a b))))))
assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = (((double) M_PI) / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (((double) M_PI) / (b * (a * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = (Math.PI / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (Math.PI / (b * (a * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 1.15e-45: tmp = (math.pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b) else: tmp = 0.5 * (math.pi / (b * (a * b))) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 1.15e-45) tmp = Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(a * a)) * Float64(0.5 / b)); else tmp = Float64(0.5 * Float64(pi / Float64(b * Float64(a * b)))); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 1.15e-45)
tmp = (pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
else
tmp = 0.5 * (pi / (b * (a * b)));
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 1.15e-45], N[(N[(Pi / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.5 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.5 * N[(Pi / N[(b * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 1.15 \cdot 10^{-45}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{a \cdot a} \cdot \frac{0.5}{b}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot \frac{\pi}{b \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 1.14999999999999996e-45Initial program 76.9%
times-frac76.9%
*-commutative76.9%
times-frac76.9%
difference-of-squares84.9%
associate-/r*86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
sub-neg86.3%
distribute-neg-frac86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
Simplified86.3%
div-inv86.4%
Applied egg-rr86.4%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 61.5%
associate-*r/61.5%
*-commutative61.5%
times-frac61.4%
unpow261.4%
Simplified61.4%
if 1.14999999999999996e-45 < b Initial program 80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
associate-*l/80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
times-frac80.7%
Simplified80.8%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 78.4%
unpow278.4%
Simplified78.4%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 78.4%
*-commutative78.4%
unpow278.4%
associate-*l*81.8%
*-commutative81.8%
Simplified81.8%
Final simplification67.8%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. (FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (if (<= b 1.15e-45) (/ PI (/ (* a (* a b)) 0.5)) (* 0.5 (/ PI (* b (* a b))))))
assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = ((double) M_PI) / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (((double) M_PI) / (b * (a * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
double tmp;
if (b <= 1.15e-45) {
tmp = Math.PI / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
} else {
tmp = 0.5 * (Math.PI / (b * (a * b)));
}
return tmp;
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): tmp = 0 if b <= 1.15e-45: tmp = math.pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5) else: tmp = 0.5 * (math.pi / (b * (a * b))) return tmp
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) tmp = 0.0 if (b <= 1.15e-45) tmp = Float64(pi / Float64(Float64(a * Float64(a * b)) / 0.5)); else tmp = Float64(0.5 * Float64(pi / Float64(b * Float64(a * b)))); end return tmp end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp_2 = code(a, b)
tmp = 0.0;
if (b <= 1.15e-45)
tmp = pi / ((a * (a * b)) / 0.5);
else
tmp = 0.5 * (pi / (b * (a * b)));
end
tmp_2 = tmp;
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := If[LessEqual[b, 1.15e-45], N[(Pi / N[(N[(a * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(0.5 * N[(Pi / N[(b * N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;b \leq 1.15 \cdot 10^{-45}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\pi}{\frac{a \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}{0.5}}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot \frac{\pi}{b \cdot \left(a \cdot b\right)}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if b < 1.14999999999999996e-45Initial program 76.9%
times-frac76.9%
*-commutative76.9%
times-frac76.9%
difference-of-squares84.9%
associate-/r*86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
sub-neg86.3%
distribute-neg-frac86.3%
metadata-eval86.3%
Simplified86.3%
clear-num86.3%
inv-pow86.3%
Applied egg-rr86.3%
unpow-186.3%
+-commutative86.3%
Simplified86.3%
Taylor expanded in a around inf 61.5%
*-commutative61.5%
associate-/r/61.5%
unpow261.5%
associate-*l*69.4%
Simplified69.4%
if 1.14999999999999996e-45 < b Initial program 80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
associate-*l/80.7%
*-commutative80.7%
associate-/r/80.7%
times-frac80.7%
Simplified80.8%
Taylor expanded in b around inf 78.4%
unpow278.4%
Simplified78.4%
Taylor expanded in a around 0 78.4%
*-commutative78.4%
unpow278.4%
associate-*l*81.8%
*-commutative81.8%
Simplified81.8%
Final simplification73.3%
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. (FPCore (a b) :precision binary64 (* (/ PI (* a a)) (/ 0.5 b)))
assert(a < b);
double code(double a, double b) {
return (((double) M_PI) / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
}
assert a < b;
public static double code(double a, double b) {
return (Math.PI / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
}
[a, b] = sort([a, b]) def code(a, b): return (math.pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b)
a, b = sort([a, b]) function code(a, b) return Float64(Float64(pi / Float64(a * a)) * Float64(0.5 / b)) end
a, b = num2cell(sort([a, b])){:}
function tmp = code(a, b)
tmp = (pi / (a * a)) * (0.5 / b);
end
NOTE: a and b should be sorted in increasing order before calling this function. code[a_, b_] := N[(N[(Pi / N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.5 / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
[a, b] = \mathsf{sort}([a, b])\\
\\
\frac{\pi}{a \cdot a} \cdot \frac{0.5}{b}
\end{array}
Initial program 78.1%
times-frac78.1%
*-commutative78.1%
times-frac78.1%
difference-of-squares88.3%
associate-/r*89.3%
metadata-eval89.3%
sub-neg89.3%
distribute-neg-frac89.3%
metadata-eval89.3%
Simplified89.3%
div-inv89.3%
Applied egg-rr89.3%
Taylor expanded in b around 0 59.1%
associate-*r/59.1%
*-commutative59.1%
times-frac59.0%
unpow259.0%
Simplified59.0%
Final simplification59.0%
herbie shell --seed 2023200
(FPCore (a b)
:name "NMSE Section 6.1 mentioned, B"
:precision binary64
(* (* (/ PI 2.0) (/ 1.0 (- (* b b) (* a a)))) (- (/ 1.0 a) (/ 1.0 b))))