
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 8 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 -0.2) (not (<= t_0 2e-7)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.3333333333333333 (pow x 3.0))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.2) || !(t_0 <= 2e-7)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x)
if ((t_0 <= (-0.2d0)) .or. (.not. (t_0 <= 2d-7))) then
tmp = t_0 / 2.0d0
else
tmp = ((x * 2.0d0) + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x ** 3.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -0.2) || !(t_0 <= 2e-7)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * Math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -0.2) or not (t_0 <= 2e-7): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= -0.2) || !(t_0 <= 2e-7)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -0.2) || ~((t_0 <= 2e-7))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, -0.2], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 2e-7]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.2 \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-7}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{3}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -0.20000000000000001 or 1.9999999999999999e-7 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -0.20000000000000001 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 1.9999999999999999e-7Initial program 6.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(if (or (<= x -4e+154) (not (<= x 5e+102)))
(/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0)
(/
(*
x
(/
(- 4.0 (* (pow x 4.0) 0.1111111111111111))
(- 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))))
2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+102)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * ((4.0 - (pow(x, 4.0) * 0.1111111111111111)) / (2.0 - (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-4d+154)) .or. (.not. (x <= 5d+102))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * ((4.0d0 - ((x ** 4.0d0) * 0.1111111111111111d0)) / (2.0d0 - (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0))))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+102)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * ((4.0 - (Math.pow(x, 4.0) * 0.1111111111111111)) / (2.0 - (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -4e+154) or not (x <= 5e+102): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * ((4.0 - (math.pow(x, 4.0) * 0.1111111111111111)) / (2.0 - (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+102)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(4.0 - Float64((x ^ 4.0) * 0.1111111111111111)) / Float64(2.0 - Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -4e+154) || ~((x <= 5e+102))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * ((4.0 - ((x ^ 4.0) * 0.1111111111111111)) / (2.0 - (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333))))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -4e+154], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 5e+102]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(4.0 - N[(N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 - N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4 \cdot 10^{+154} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+102}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{4 - {x}^{4} \cdot 0.1111111111111111}{2 - x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -4.00000000000000015e154 or 5e102 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
unpow2100.0%
Simplified100.0%
if -4.00000000000000015e154 < x < 5e102Initial program 36.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 75.7%
unpow375.7%
associate-*r*75.7%
distribute-rgt-out75.7%
*-commutative75.7%
+-commutative75.7%
associate-*l*75.7%
fma-def75.7%
Simplified75.7%
fma-udef75.7%
associate-*r*75.7%
*-commutative75.7%
Applied egg-rr75.7%
+-commutative75.7%
flip-+79.8%
metadata-eval79.8%
*-commutative79.8%
*-commutative79.8%
swap-sqr79.8%
pow279.8%
pow279.8%
pow-prod-up79.8%
metadata-eval79.8%
metadata-eval79.8%
*-commutative79.8%
associate-*l*79.8%
Applied egg-rr79.8%
Final simplification85.8%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* x 2.0) (* 0.3333333333333333 (pow x 3.0))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x * 2.0d0) + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x ** 3.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * Math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * math.pow(x, 3.0))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{3}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 82.9%
Final simplification82.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.45) (not (<= x 2.45))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.45) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.45d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.45d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.45) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.45) or not (x <= 2.45): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.45) || !(x <= 2.45)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.45) || ~((x <= 2.45))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.45], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.45]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.45 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.45\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.4500000000000002 or 2.4500000000000002 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 67.5%
unpow367.5%
associate-*r*67.5%
distribute-rgt-out67.5%
*-commutative67.5%
+-commutative67.5%
associate-*l*67.5%
fma-def67.5%
Simplified67.5%
fma-udef67.5%
associate-*r*67.5%
*-commutative67.5%
Applied egg-rr67.5%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 67.5%
unpow267.5%
Simplified67.5%
if -2.4500000000000002 < x < 2.4500000000000002Initial program 8.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.6%
Final simplification82.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 82.9%
unpow382.9%
associate-*r*82.9%
distribute-rgt-out82.9%
*-commutative82.9%
+-commutative82.9%
associate-*l*82.9%
fma-def82.9%
Simplified82.9%
fma-udef82.9%
associate-*r*82.9%
*-commutative82.9%
Applied egg-rr82.9%
Final simplification82.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 55.1%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 51.1%
Final simplification51.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 55.1%
Applied egg-rr2.9%
Final simplification2.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 55.1%
Applied egg-rr3.4%
Final simplification3.4%
herbie shell --seed 2023200
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))