2sin (example 3.3)

Percentage Accurate: 41.4% → 99.4%

Time: 11.3s

Alternatives: 8

Speedup: 2.0×

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Initial Program: 41.4% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.sin((x + eps)) - Math.sin(x);
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.sin((x + eps)) - math.sin(x)

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(sin(Float64(x + eps)) - sin(x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = sin((x + eps)) - sin(x);
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Alternative 1: 99.4% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (fma
  (sin eps)
  (cos x)
  (* (/ (pow (sin eps) 2.0) (- -1.0 (cos eps))) (sin x))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(sin(eps), cos(x), ((pow(sin(eps), 2.0) / (-1.0 - cos(eps))) * sin(x)));
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return fma(sin(eps), cos(x), Float64(Float64((sin(eps) ^ 2.0) / Float64(-1.0 - cos(eps))) * sin(x)))
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[Power[N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[(-1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sin-sum 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   2. associate--l+ 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]

3. Applied egg-rr 68.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon} \]

   2. sub-neg 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(-\sin x\right)\right)} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-+l+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   4. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x} + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   5. neg-mul-1 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \sin x} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   6. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(-1 \cdot \sin x + \color{blue}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

   7. distribute-rgt-out 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   8. +-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]

5. Simplified 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fma-def 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)} \]

   2. *-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right) \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right) \cdot \sin x\right)} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - -1 \cdot -1}{\cos \varepsilon - -1}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   2. frac-2neg 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{-\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - -1 \cdot -1\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   3. metadata-eval 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \color{blue}{1}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   4. sub-1-cos 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\color{blue}{\left(-\sin \varepsilon \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   5. pow2 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-\color{blue}{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   6. sub-neg 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + \left(--1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + \color{blue}{1}\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

9. Applied egg-rr 99.5%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]
10. Step-by-step derivation

    1. remove-double-neg 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{\color{blue}{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

    2. neg-sub0 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{0 - \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

    3. +-commutative 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{0 - \color{blue}{\left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

    4. associate--r+ 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\left(0 - 1\right) - \cos \varepsilon}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

    5. metadata-eval 99.5%

       \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{-1} - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

11. Simplified 99.5%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

12. Final simplification 99.5%

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

Alternative 2: 99.4% accurate, 0.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (+
  (* (sin eps) (cos x))
  (* (/ (pow (sin eps) 2.0) (- -1.0 (cos eps))) (sin x))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + ((pow(sin(eps), 2.0) / (-1.0 - cos(eps))) * sin(x));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + (((sin(eps) ** 2.0d0) / ((-1.0d0) - cos(eps))) * sin(x))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (Math.sin(eps) * Math.cos(x)) + ((Math.pow(Math.sin(eps), 2.0) / (-1.0 - Math.cos(eps))) * Math.sin(x));
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return (math.sin(eps) * math.cos(x)) + ((math.pow(math.sin(eps), 2.0) / (-1.0 - math.cos(eps))) * math.sin(x))

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(sin(eps) * cos(x)) + Float64(Float64((sin(eps) ^ 2.0) / Float64(-1.0 - cos(eps))) * sin(x)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + (((sin(eps) ^ 2.0) / (-1.0 - cos(eps))) * sin(x));
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[Power[N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[(-1.0 - N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sin-sum 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   2. associate--l+ 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]

3. Applied egg-rr 68.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon} \]

   2. sub-neg 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(-\sin x\right)\right)} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-+l+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   4. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x} + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   5. neg-mul-1 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \sin x} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   6. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(-1 \cdot \sin x + \color{blue}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

   7. distribute-rgt-out 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   8. +-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]

5. Simplified 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. flip-+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - -1 \cdot -1}{\cos \varepsilon - -1}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   2. frac-2neg 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\frac{-\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - -1 \cdot -1\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   3. metadata-eval 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \color{blue}{1}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   4. sub-1-cos 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\color{blue}{\left(-\sin \varepsilon \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   5. pow2 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-\color{blue}{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon - -1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   6. sub-neg 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + \left(--1\right)\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   7. metadata-eval 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + \color{blue}{1}\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{-\left(-{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}\right)}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. remove-double-neg 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{\color{blue}{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}}{-\left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   2. neg-sub0 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{0 - \left(\cos \varepsilon + 1\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   3. +-commutative 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{0 - \color{blue}{\left(1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   4. associate--r+ 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{\left(0 - 1\right) - \cos \varepsilon}} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{\color{blue}{-1} - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x\right) \]

9. Simplified 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon}} \]

10. Final simplification 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \frac{{\sin \varepsilon}^{2}}{-1 - \cos \varepsilon} \cdot \sin x \]

Alternative 3: 99.4% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (sin eps) (cos x) (* (sin x) (+ -1.0 (cos eps)))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(sin(eps), cos(x), (sin(x) * (-1.0 + cos(eps))));
}

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return fma(sin(eps), cos(x), Float64(sin(x) * Float64(-1.0 + cos(eps))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 + N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sin-sum 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   2. associate--l+ 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]

3. Applied egg-rr 68.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon} \]

   2. sub-neg 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(-\sin x\right)\right)} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-+l+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   4. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x} + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   5. neg-mul-1 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \sin x} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   6. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(-1 \cdot \sin x + \color{blue}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

   7. distribute-rgt-out 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   8. +-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]

5. Simplified 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fma-def 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)} \]

   2. *-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right) \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

7. Applied egg-rr 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right) \cdot \sin x\right)} \]

8. Final simplification 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)\right) \]

Alternative 4: 99.4% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (+ (* (sin eps) (cos x)) (* (sin x) (+ -1.0 (cos eps)))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + (sin(x) * (-1.0 + cos(eps)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + (sin(x) * ((-1.0d0) + cos(eps)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return (Math.sin(eps) * Math.cos(x)) + (Math.sin(x) * (-1.0 + Math.cos(eps)));
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return (math.sin(eps) * math.cos(x)) + (math.sin(x) * (-1.0 + math.cos(eps)))

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(Float64(sin(eps) * cos(x)) + Float64(sin(x) * Float64(-1.0 + cos(eps))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = (sin(eps) * cos(x)) + (sin(x) * (-1.0 + cos(eps)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[(N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 + N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. sin-sum 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

   2. associate--l+ 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]

3. Applied egg-rr 68.3%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon - \sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon} \]

   2. sub-neg 68.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(-\sin x\right)\right)} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon \]

   3. associate-+l+ 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   4. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x} + \left(\left(-\sin x\right) + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   5. neg-mul-1 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \sin x} + \sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

   6. *-commutative 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \left(-1 \cdot \sin x + \color{blue}{\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x}\right) \]

   7. distribute-rgt-out 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right)} \]

   8. +-commutative 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]

5. Simplified 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)} \]

6. Final simplification 99.4%

   \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x + \sin x \cdot \left(-1 + \cos \varepsilon\right) \]

Alternative 5: 75.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \left(x + x\right)\right)\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (* 2.0 (* (sin (* eps 0.5)) (cos (* 0.5 (+ eps (+ x x)))))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 2.0 * (sin((eps * 0.5)) * cos((0.5 * (eps + (x + x)))));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = 2.0d0 * (sin((eps * 0.5d0)) * cos((0.5d0 * (eps + (x + x)))))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 2.0 * (Math.sin((eps * 0.5)) * Math.cos((0.5 * (eps + (x + x)))));
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return 2.0 * (math.sin((eps * 0.5)) * math.cos((0.5 * (eps + (x + x)))))

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(2.0 * Float64(sin(Float64(eps * 0.5)) * cos(Float64(0.5 * Float64(eps + Float64(x + x))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 2.0 * (sin((eps * 0.5)) * cos((0.5 * (eps + (x + x)))));
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(2.0 * N[(N[Sin[N[(eps * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(0.5 * N[(eps + N[(x + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. diff-sin 45.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)} \]

   2. div-inv 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right) \]

   3. metadata-eval 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right) \]

   4. div-inv 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}\right) \]

   5. +-commutative 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}\right)\right) \]

3. Applied egg-rr 45.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right) \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right)} \]
4. Step-by-step derivation

   1. *-commutative 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \left(\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x\right)\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   2. +-commutative 45.7%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + x\right)} - x\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   3. associate--l+ 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + \left(x - x\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   4. +-inverses 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \color{blue}{0}\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   5. distribute-lft-in 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + 0.5 \cdot 0\right)} \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   6. metadata-eval 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + \color{blue}{0}\right) \cdot \cos \left(\left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\right) \]

   7. *-commutative 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + 0\right) \cdot \cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \left(x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

   8. associate-+r+ 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + 0\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon\right)}\right)\right) \]

   9. +-commutative 77.8%

      \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + 0\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\varepsilon + \left(x + x\right)\right)}\right)\right) \]

5. Simplified 77.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \varepsilon + 0\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \left(x + x\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

6. Final simplification 77.8%

   \[\leadsto 2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\varepsilon + \left(x + x\right)\right)\right)\right) \]

Alternative 6: 75.4% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -8 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 5.5 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= eps -8e-7) (sin eps) (if (<= eps 5.5e-6) (* eps (cos x)) (sin eps))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= -8e-7) {
		tmp = sin(eps);
	} else if (eps <= 5.5e-6) {
		tmp = eps * cos(x);
	} else {
		tmp = sin(eps);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (eps <= (-8d-7)) then
        tmp = sin(eps)
    else if (eps <= 5.5d-6) then
        tmp = eps * cos(x)
    else
        tmp = sin(eps)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= -8e-7) {
		tmp = Math.sin(eps);
	} else if (eps <= 5.5e-6) {
		tmp = eps * Math.cos(x);
	} else {
		tmp = Math.sin(eps);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	tmp = 0
	if eps <= -8e-7:
		tmp = math.sin(eps)
	elif eps <= 5.5e-6:
		tmp = eps * math.cos(x)
	else:
		tmp = math.sin(eps)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (eps <= -8e-7)
		tmp = sin(eps);
	elseif (eps <= 5.5e-6)
		tmp = Float64(eps * cos(x));
	else
		tmp = sin(eps);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (eps <= -8e-7)
		tmp = sin(eps);
	elseif (eps <= 5.5e-6)
		tmp = eps * cos(x);
	else
		tmp = sin(eps);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := If[LessEqual[eps, -8e-7], N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[eps, 5.5e-6], N[(eps * N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if eps < -7.9999999999999996e-7 or 5.4999999999999999e-6 < eps

   1. Initial program 57.8%

      \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 59.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon} \]

   if -7.9999999999999996e-7 < eps < 5.4999999999999999e-6

   1. Initial program 32.8%

      \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]

   2. Taylor expanded in eps around 0 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 78.1%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -8 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 5.5 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \cos x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sin \varepsilon\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7: 53.9% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sin \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (sin eps))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin(eps);
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = sin(eps)
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return Math.sin(eps);
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return math.sin(eps)

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return sin(eps)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = sin(eps);
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 61.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \varepsilon} \]

3. Final simplification 61.7%

   \[\leadsto \sin \varepsilon \]

Alternative 8: 28.2% accurate, 205.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \varepsilon \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 eps)

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return eps;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = eps
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return eps;
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return eps

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return eps
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = eps;
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := eps

Derivation

1. Initial program 46.0%

   \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]

2. Taylor expanded in eps around 0 49.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \varepsilon} \]

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 32.8%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon} \]

4. Final simplification 32.8%

   \[\leadsto \varepsilon \]

Developer target: 75.5% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ 2 \cdot \left(\cos \left(x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (* 2.0 (* (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0))) (sin (/ eps 2.0)))))

C

double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 2.0 * (cos((x + (eps / 2.0))) * sin((eps / 2.0)));
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x, eps)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8), intent (in) :: eps
    code = 2.0d0 * (cos((x + (eps / 2.0d0))) * sin((eps / 2.0d0)))
end function

Java

public static double code(double x, double eps) {
	return 2.0 * (Math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0))) * Math.sin((eps / 2.0)));
}

Python

def code(x, eps):
	return 2.0 * (math.cos((x + (eps / 2.0))) * math.sin((eps / 2.0)))

Julia

function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(2.0 * Float64(cos(Float64(x + Float64(eps / 2.0))) * sin(Float64(eps / 2.0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, eps)
	tmp = 2.0 * (cos((x + (eps / 2.0))) * sin((eps / 2.0)));
end

Wolfram

code[x_, eps_] := N[(2.0 * N[(N[Cos[N[(x + N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(eps / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023194 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2sin (example 3.3)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (* 2.0 (* (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0))) (sin (/ eps 2.0))))

  (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))