
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log1p (expm1 x)))
double code(double x) {
return log1p(expm1(x));
}
public static double code(double x) {
return Math.log1p(Math.expm1(x));
}
def code(x): return math.log1p(math.expm1(x))
function code(x) return log1p(expm1(x)) end
code[x_] := N[Log[1 + N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\mathsf{log1p}\left(\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 56.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.7%
unpow383.7%
associate-*r*83.7%
distribute-rgt-out83.7%
*-commutative83.7%
+-commutative83.7%
associate-*l*83.7%
fma-def83.7%
Simplified83.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.9%
associate-/l*49.6%
metadata-eval49.6%
/-rgt-identity49.6%
log1p-expm1-u99.9%
Applied egg-rr99.9%
Final simplification99.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (/ (+ (pow (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)) 3.0) 8.0) 4.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * ((pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)) ** 3.0d0) + 8.0d0) / 4.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * ((Math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * ((math.pow((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)), 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64((Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * ((((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) ^ 3.0) + 8.0) / 4.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[Power[N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] + 8.0), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \frac{{\left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}^{3} + 8}{4}}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.7%
unpow383.7%
associate-*r*83.7%
distribute-rgt-out83.7%
*-commutative83.7%
+-commutative83.7%
associate-*l*83.7%
fma-def83.7%
Simplified83.7%
fma-udef83.7%
flip3-+52.6%
metadata-eval52.6%
metadata-eval52.6%
Applied egg-rr52.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 93.3%
Final simplification93.3%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333))))
(if (or (<= x -4e+154) (not (<= x 5e+101)))
(* (* x x) (* (* x 0.3333333333333333) 0.5))
(/ (* x (/ (- (* t_0 t_0) 4.0) (- t_0 2.0))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+101)) {
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5);
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)
if ((x <= (-4d+154)) .or. (.not. (x <= 5d+101))) then
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333d0) * 0.5d0)
else
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0d0) / (t_0 - 2.0d0))) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333);
double tmp;
if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+101)) {
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5);
} else {
tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333) tmp = 0 if (x <= -4e+154) or not (x <= 5e+101): tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5) else: tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -4e+154) || !(x <= 5e+101)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(Float64(t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / Float64(t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = x * (x * 0.3333333333333333); tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -4e+154) || ~((x <= 5e+101))) tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5); else tmp = (x * (((t_0 * t_0) - 4.0) / (t_0 - 2.0))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[x, -4e+154], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 5e+101]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(N[(N[(t$95$0 * t$95$0), $MachinePrecision] - 4.0), $MachinePrecision] / N[(t$95$0 - 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -4 \cdot 10^{+154} \lor \neg \left(x \leq 5 \cdot 10^{+101}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \frac{t_0 \cdot t_0 - 4}{t_0 - 2}}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -4.00000000000000015e154 or 4.99999999999999989e101 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
unpow2100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
Simplified100.0%
div-inv100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
metadata-eval100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
if -4.00000000000000015e154 < x < 4.99999999999999989e101Initial program 37.4%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 76.7%
unpow376.7%
associate-*r*76.7%
distribute-rgt-out76.7%
*-commutative76.7%
+-commutative76.7%
associate-*l*76.7%
fma-def76.7%
Simplified76.7%
fma-udef76.7%
flip-+82.4%
metadata-eval82.4%
Applied egg-rr82.4%
Final simplification87.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.4) (not (<= x 2.5))) (* (* x x) (* (* x 0.3333333333333333) 0.5)) x))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5);
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.4d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.5d0))) then
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333d0) * 0.5d0)
else
tmp = x
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.5)) {
tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5);
} else {
tmp = x;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.4) or not (x <= 2.5): tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5) else: tmp = x return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.5)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * x) * Float64(Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5)); else tmp = x; end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.4) || ~((x <= 2.5))) tmp = (x * x) * ((x * 0.3333333333333333) * 0.5); else tmp = x; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.4], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.5]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], x]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.4 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.5\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right) \cdot 0.5\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;x\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.39999999999999991 or 2.5 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 69.4%
unpow369.4%
associate-*r*69.4%
distribute-rgt-out69.4%
*-commutative69.4%
+-commutative69.4%
associate-*l*69.4%
fma-def69.4%
Simplified69.4%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 69.4%
*-commutative69.4%
unpow269.4%
associate-*r*69.4%
*-commutative69.4%
Simplified69.4%
div-inv69.4%
associate-*r*69.4%
*-commutative69.4%
associate-*l*69.4%
metadata-eval69.4%
Applied egg-rr69.4%
if -2.39999999999999991 < x < 2.5Initial program 6.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.8%
Final simplification83.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)) 2.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * ((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) + 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * ((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)) + 2.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * ((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) + 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * ((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) + 2.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)) + 2.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * ((x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)) + 2.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right) + 2\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.7%
unpow383.7%
associate-*r*83.7%
distribute-rgt-out83.7%
*-commutative83.7%
+-commutative83.7%
associate-*l*83.7%
fma-def83.7%
Simplified83.7%
fma-udef83.7%
Applied egg-rr83.7%
Final simplification83.7%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 56.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.9%
Final simplification49.9%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 x)
double code(double x) {
return x;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x;
}
def code(x): return x
function code(x) return x end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x; end
code[x_] := x
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x
\end{array}
Initial program 56.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 83.7%
unpow383.7%
associate-*r*83.7%
distribute-rgt-out83.7%
*-commutative83.7%
+-commutative83.7%
associate-*l*83.7%
fma-def83.7%
Simplified83.7%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 49.6%
Final simplification49.6%
herbie shell --seed 2023193
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))