Falkner and Boettcher, Appendix B, 2

Percentage Accurate: 100.0% → 100.0%
Time: 8.5s
Alternatives: 6
Speedup: 1.0×

Specification

?
\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (* (* (/ (sqrt 2.0) 4.0) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v))))) (- 1.0 (* v v))))
double code(double v) {
	return ((sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
}
real(8) function code(v)
    real(8), intent (in) :: v
    code = ((sqrt(2.0d0) / 4.0d0) * sqrt((1.0d0 - (3.0d0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0d0 - (v * v))
end function
public static double code(double v) {
	return ((Math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * Math.sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
}
def code(v):
	return ((math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * math.sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v))
function code(v)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(3.0 * Float64(v * v))))) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(v * v)))
end
function tmp = code(v)
	tmp = ((sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
end
code[v_] := N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(3.0 * N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)
\end{array}

Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Accuracy vs Speed?

Herbie found 6 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup
The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Initial Program: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (* (* (/ (sqrt 2.0) 4.0) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v))))) (- 1.0 (* v v))))
double code(double v) {
	return ((sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
}
real(8) function code(v)
    real(8), intent (in) :: v
    code = ((sqrt(2.0d0) / 4.0d0) * sqrt((1.0d0 - (3.0d0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0d0 - (v * v))
end function
public static double code(double v) {
	return ((Math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * Math.sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
}
def code(v):
	return ((math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * math.sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v))
function code(v)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt(Float64(1.0 - Float64(3.0 * Float64(v * v))))) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(v * v)))
end
function tmp = code(v)
	tmp = ((sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * sqrt((1.0 - (3.0 * (v * v))))) * (1.0 - (v * v));
end
code[v_] := N[(N[(N[(N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 - N[(3.0 * N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)
\end{array}

Alternative 1: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}{4} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (* (sqrt (* 2.0 (fma (* v v) -3.0 1.0))) (- 1.0 (* v v))) 4.0))
double code(double v) {
	return (sqrt((2.0 * fma((v * v), -3.0, 1.0))) * (1.0 - (v * v))) / 4.0;
}
function code(v)
	return Float64(Float64(sqrt(Float64(2.0 * fma(Float64(v * v), -3.0, 1.0))) * Float64(1.0 - Float64(v * v))) / 4.0)
end
code[v_] := N[(N[(N[Sqrt[N[(2.0 * N[(N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision] * -3.0 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 - N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}{4}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{4}} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
    2. associate-/r/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
    3. associate-*r/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
    4. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    5. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) + 1}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    6. *-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot 3}\right) + 1}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    7. distribute-rgt-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-3\right)} + 1}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    8. fma-def100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    9. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, \color{blue}{-3}, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    10. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-v \cdot v\right)}}} \]
    11. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\left(-v \cdot v\right) + 1}}} \]
    12. neg-sub0100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\left(0 - v \cdot v\right)} + 1}} \]
    13. associate-+l-100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{0 - \left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    14. sub0-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{-\left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    15. neg-mul-1100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    16. associate-/r*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{4}{-1}}{v \cdot v - 1}}} \]
    17. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{\color{blue}{-4}}{v \cdot v - 1}} \]
    18. fma-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}} \]
    19. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, \color{blue}{-1}\right)}} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}} \]
  4. Step-by-step derivation
    1. clear-num100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}} \]
    2. un-div-inv100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}} \]
    3. frac-2neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{--4}{-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}} \]
    4. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{4}}{-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}} \]
    5. associate-/l/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\color{blue}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}}} \]
    6. fma-udef100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -3 + 1}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    7. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-3\right)} + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    8. distribute-rgt-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot 3\right)} + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    9. *-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    10. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    11. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    12. fma-udef100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v + -1\right)}\right)}} \]
    13. distribute-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-v \cdot v\right) + \left(--1\right)\right)}}} \]
    14. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-v \cdot v\right) + \color{blue}{1}\right)}} \]
    15. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
    16. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}}} \]
  5. Applied egg-rr100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}{4}} \]
  6. Final simplification100.0%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}{4} \]

Alternative 2: 100.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (sqrt (* 2.0 (fma (* v v) -3.0 1.0))) (/ 4.0 (- 1.0 (* v v)))))
double code(double v) {
	return sqrt((2.0 * fma((v * v), -3.0, 1.0))) / (4.0 / (1.0 - (v * v)));
}
function code(v)
	return Float64(sqrt(Float64(2.0 * fma(Float64(v * v), -3.0, 1.0))) / Float64(4.0 / Float64(1.0 - Float64(v * v))))
end
code[v_] := N[(N[Sqrt[N[(2.0 * N[(N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision] * -3.0 + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(4.0 / N[(1.0 - N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{4}} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
    2. associate-/r/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
    3. associate-*r/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
    4. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    5. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right) + 1}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    6. *-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot 3}\right) + 1}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    7. distribute-rgt-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-3\right)} + 1}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    8. fma-def100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    9. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, \color{blue}{-3}, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]
    10. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-v \cdot v\right)}}} \]
    11. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\left(-v \cdot v\right) + 1}}} \]
    12. neg-sub0100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\left(0 - v \cdot v\right)} + 1}} \]
    13. associate-+l-100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{0 - \left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    14. sub0-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{-\left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    15. neg-mul-1100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot \left(v \cdot v - 1\right)}}} \]
    16. associate-/r*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\color{blue}{\frac{\frac{4}{-1}}{v \cdot v - 1}}} \]
    17. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{\color{blue}{-4}}{v \cdot v - 1}} \]
    18. fma-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}} \]
    19. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, \color{blue}{-1}\right)}} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}} \]
  4. Step-by-step derivation
    1. clear-num100.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{\frac{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}} \]
    2. un-div-inv100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\frac{-4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}}} \]
    3. frac-2neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{--4}{-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}} \]
    4. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{\frac{\color{blue}{4}}{-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)}}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}} \]
    5. associate-/l/100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\color{blue}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}}} \]
    6. fma-udef100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -3 + 1}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    7. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-3\right)} + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    8. distribute-rgt-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot 3\right)} + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    9. *-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) + 1} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    10. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)\right)}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    11. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}} \cdot \left(-\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v, -1\right)\right)}} \]
    12. fma-udef100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v + -1\right)}\right)}} \]
    13. distribute-neg-in100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(-v \cdot v\right) + \left(--1\right)\right)}}} \]
    14. metadata-eval100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-v \cdot v\right) + \color{blue}{1}\right)}} \]
    15. +-commutative100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-v \cdot v\right)\right)}}} \]
    16. sub-neg100.0%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}}} \]
  5. Applied egg-rr100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)}{4}} \]
  6. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-/l*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
  7. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}}} \]
  8. Final simplification100.0%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(v \cdot v, -3, 1\right)}}{\frac{4}{1 - v \cdot v}} \]

Alternative 3: 99.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.125} + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (+ (sqrt 0.125) (* (* v v) (* -2.5 (sqrt 0.125)))))
double code(double v) {
	return sqrt(0.125) + ((v * v) * (-2.5 * sqrt(0.125)));
}
real(8) function code(v)
    real(8), intent (in) :: v
    code = sqrt(0.125d0) + ((v * v) * ((-2.5d0) * sqrt(0.125d0)))
end function
public static double code(double v) {
	return Math.sqrt(0.125) + ((v * v) * (-2.5 * Math.sqrt(0.125)));
}
def code(v):
	return math.sqrt(0.125) + ((v * v) * (-2.5 * math.sqrt(0.125)))
function code(v)
	return Float64(sqrt(0.125) + Float64(Float64(v * v) * Float64(-2.5 * sqrt(0.125))))
end
function tmp = code(v)
	tmp = sqrt(0.125) + ((v * v) * (-2.5 * sqrt(0.125)));
end
code[v_] := N[(N[Sqrt[0.125], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision] * N[(-2.5 * N[Sqrt[0.125], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\sqrt{0.125} + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  4. Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2.5 \cdot {v}^{2}\right)} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{{v}^{2} \cdot -2.5}\right) \]
    2. unpow299.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot -2.5\right) \]
  6. Simplified99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. +-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5 + 1\right)} \]
    2. distribute-rgt-in99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \]
    3. associate-*l*99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\right)} + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    4. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}\right)}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    5. sqrt-unprod99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    6. frac-times99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    7. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    8. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2}{\color{blue}{16}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    9. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.125}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    10. *-un-lft-identity99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \]
    11. add-sqr-sqrt97.9%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \]
    12. sqrt-unprod99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \]
    13. frac-times99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}} \]
    14. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{2}}{4 \cdot 4}} \]
    15. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\frac{2}{\color{blue}{16}}} \]
    16. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.125}} \]
  8. Applied egg-rr99.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{0.125}} \]
  9. Final simplification99.4%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.125} + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) \]

Alternative 4: 99.6% accurate, 1.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v \cdot -2.5, 1\right)}} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v) :precision binary64 (/ (sqrt 2.0) (/ 4.0 (fma v (* v -2.5) 1.0))))
double code(double v) {
	return sqrt(2.0) / (4.0 / fma(v, (v * -2.5), 1.0));
}
function code(v)
	return Float64(sqrt(2.0) / Float64(4.0 / fma(v, Float64(v * -2.5), 1.0)))
end
code[v_] := N[(N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[(4.0 / N[(v * N[(v * -2.5), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v \cdot -2.5, 1\right)}}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  4. Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2.5 \cdot {v}^{2}\right)} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{{v}^{2} \cdot -2.5}\right) \]
    2. unpow299.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot -2.5\right) \]
  6. Simplified99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l/99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)}{4}} \]
    2. associate-/l*99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5}}} \]
    3. +-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5 + 1}}} \]
    4. associate-*l*99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{v \cdot \left(v \cdot -2.5\right)} + 1}} \]
    5. fma-def99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v \cdot -2.5, 1\right)}}} \]
  8. Applied egg-rr99.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v \cdot -2.5, 1\right)}}} \]
  9. Final simplification99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{\mathsf{fma}\left(v, v \cdot -2.5, 1\right)}} \]

Alternative 5: 99.6% accurate, 2.0× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right) \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v)
 :precision binary64
 (* (/ (sqrt 2.0) 4.0) (+ 1.0 (* (* v v) -2.5))))
double code(double v) {
	return (sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * (1.0 + ((v * v) * -2.5));
}
real(8) function code(v)
    real(8), intent (in) :: v
    code = (sqrt(2.0d0) / 4.0d0) * (1.0d0 + ((v * v) * (-2.5d0)))
end function
public static double code(double v) {
	return (Math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * (1.0 + ((v * v) * -2.5));
}
def code(v):
	return (math.sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * (1.0 + ((v * v) * -2.5))
function code(v)
	return Float64(Float64(sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(v * v) * -2.5)))
end
function tmp = code(v)
	tmp = (sqrt(2.0) / 4.0) * (1.0 + ((v * v) * -2.5));
end
code[v_] := N[(N[(N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision] / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(v * v), $MachinePrecision] * -2.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  4. Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2.5 \cdot {v}^{2}\right)} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{{v}^{2} \cdot -2.5}\right) \]
    2. unpow299.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot -2.5\right) \]
  6. Simplified99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)} \]
  7. Final simplification99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right) \]

Alternative 6: 99.0% accurate, 2.1× speedup?

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{0.125} \end{array} \]
(FPCore (v) :precision binary64 (sqrt 0.125))
double code(double v) {
	return sqrt(0.125);
}
real(8) function code(v)
    real(8), intent (in) :: v
    code = sqrt(0.125d0)
end function
public static double code(double v) {
	return Math.sqrt(0.125);
}
def code(v):
	return math.sqrt(0.125)
function code(v)
	return sqrt(0.125)
end
function tmp = code(v)
	tmp = sqrt(0.125);
end
code[v_] := N[Sqrt[0.125], $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}

\\
\sqrt{0.125}
\end{array}
Derivation
  1. Initial program 100.0%

    \[\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right) \]
  2. Step-by-step derivation
    1. associate-*l*100.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  3. Simplified100.0%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(\sqrt{1 - 3 \cdot \left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot \left(1 - v \cdot v\right)\right)} \]
  4. Taylor expanded in v around 0 99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + -2.5 \cdot {v}^{2}\right)} \]
  5. Step-by-step derivation
    1. *-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{{v}^{2} \cdot -2.5}\right) \]
    2. unpow299.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right)} \cdot -2.5\right) \]
  6. Simplified99.4%

    \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right)} \]
  7. Step-by-step derivation
    1. +-commutative99.4%

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5 + 1\right)} \]
    2. distribute-rgt-in99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot -2.5\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \]
    3. associate-*l*99.4%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\right)} + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    4. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}\right)}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    5. sqrt-unprod99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    6. frac-times99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    7. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    8. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{2}{\color{blue}{16}}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    9. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.125}}\right) + 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \]
    10. *-un-lft-identity99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \]
    11. add-sqr-sqrt97.9%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \]
    12. sqrt-unprod99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \color{blue}{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}}} \]
    13. frac-times99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{2}}{4 \cdot 4}}} \]
    14. add-sqr-sqrt99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\frac{\color{blue}{2}}{4 \cdot 4}} \]
    15. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\frac{2}{\color{blue}{16}}} \]
    16. metadata-eval99.4%

      \[\leadsto \left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{\color{blue}{0.125}} \]
  8. Applied egg-rr99.4%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(v \cdot v\right) \cdot \left(-2.5 \cdot \sqrt{0.125}\right) + \sqrt{0.125}} \]
  9. Taylor expanded in v around 0 98.6%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.125}} \]
  10. Final simplification98.6%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{0.125} \]

Reproduce

?
herbie shell --seed 2023187 
(FPCore (v)
  :name "Falkner and Boettcher, Appendix B, 2"
  :precision binary64
  (* (* (/ (sqrt 2.0) 4.0) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* 3.0 (* v v))))) (- 1.0 (* v v))))