
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 5 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (fma (pow x 3.0) 0.022222222222222223 (* x -0.3333333333333333))))
(-
(* 0.0004938271604938272 (/ (pow x 6.0) t_0))
(/ x (/ t_0 (* x 0.1111111111111111))))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = fma(pow(x, 3.0), 0.022222222222222223, (x * -0.3333333333333333));
return (0.0004938271604938272 * (pow(x, 6.0) / t_0)) - (x / (t_0 / (x * 0.1111111111111111)));
}
function code(x) t_0 = fma((x ^ 3.0), 0.022222222222222223, Float64(x * -0.3333333333333333)) return Float64(Float64(0.0004938271604938272 * Float64((x ^ 6.0) / t_0)) - Float64(x / Float64(t_0 / Float64(x * 0.1111111111111111)))) end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.022222222222222223 + N[(x * -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, N[(N[(0.0004938271604938272 * N[(N[Power[x, 6.0], $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(x / N[(t$95$0 / N[(x * 0.1111111111111111), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, 0.022222222222222223, x \cdot -0.3333333333333333\right)\\
0.0004938271604938272 \cdot \frac{{x}^{6}}{t_0} - \frac{x}{\frac{t_0}{x \cdot 0.1111111111111111}}
\end{array}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%
+-commutative99.5%
flip-+57.8%
swap-sqr57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
pow-prod-up57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
swap-sqr57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
Applied egg-rr57.8%
div-sub57.8%
*-un-lft-identity57.8%
times-frac57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
cancel-sign-sub-inv57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
fma-def57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
associate-*r*57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
cancel-sign-sub-inv57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
fma-def57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
Applied egg-rr57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
associate-/l*99.8%
*-commutative99.8%
Simplified99.8%
Final simplification99.8%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(-
(*
0.0004938271604938272
(/
(pow x 6.0)
(fma (pow x 3.0) 0.022222222222222223 (* x -0.3333333333333333))))
(/ x -3.0)))
double code(double x) {
return (0.0004938271604938272 * (pow(x, 6.0) / fma(pow(x, 3.0), 0.022222222222222223, (x * -0.3333333333333333)))) - (x / -3.0);
}
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(0.0004938271604938272 * Float64((x ^ 6.0) / fma((x ^ 3.0), 0.022222222222222223, Float64(x * -0.3333333333333333)))) - Float64(x / -3.0)) end
code[x_] := N[(N[(0.0004938271604938272 * N[(N[Power[x, 6.0], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.022222222222222223 + N[(x * -0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(x / -3.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0.0004938271604938272 \cdot \frac{{x}^{6}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({x}^{3}, 0.022222222222222223, x \cdot -0.3333333333333333\right)} - \frac{x}{-3}
\end{array}
Initial program 6.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%
+-commutative99.5%
flip-+57.8%
swap-sqr57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
pow-prod-up57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
swap-sqr57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
Applied egg-rr57.8%
div-sub57.8%
*-un-lft-identity57.8%
times-frac57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
cancel-sign-sub-inv57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
fma-def57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
associate-*r*57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
cancel-sign-sub-inv57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
fma-def57.8%
metadata-eval57.8%
Applied egg-rr57.8%
*-commutative57.8%
associate-/l*99.8%
*-commutative99.8%
Simplified99.8%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.6%
Final simplification99.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ (* x 0.3333333333333333) (+ (* 0.0021164021164021165 (pow x 5.0)) (* (pow x 3.0) 0.022222222222222223))))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + ((0.0021164021164021165 * pow(x, 5.0)) + (pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223));
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 0.3333333333333333d0) + ((0.0021164021164021165d0 * (x ** 5.0d0)) + ((x ** 3.0d0) * 0.022222222222222223d0))
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + ((0.0021164021164021165 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (Math.pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223));
}
def code(x): return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + ((0.0021164021164021165 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (math.pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223))
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) + Float64(Float64(0.0021164021164021165 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64((x ^ 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223))) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 0.3333333333333333) + ((0.0021164021164021165 * (x ^ 5.0)) + ((x ^ 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223)); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.0021164021164021165 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.022222222222222223), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.3333333333333333 + \left(0.0021164021164021165 \cdot {x}^{5} + {x}^{3} \cdot 0.022222222222222223\right)
\end{array}
Initial program 6.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%
Final simplification99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ (* x 0.3333333333333333) (* (pow x 3.0) 0.022222222222222223)))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + (pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223);
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 0.3333333333333333d0) + ((x ** 3.0d0) * 0.022222222222222223d0)
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + (Math.pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223);
}
def code(x): return (x * 0.3333333333333333) + (math.pow(x, 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223)
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) + Float64((x ^ 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223)) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 0.3333333333333333) + ((x ^ 3.0) * 0.022222222222222223); end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.022222222222222223), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.3333333333333333 + {x}^{3} \cdot 0.022222222222222223
\end{array}
Initial program 6.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.5%
Final simplification99.5%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (* x 0.3333333333333333))
double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = x * 0.3333333333333333d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return x * 0.3333333333333333;
}
def code(x): return x * 0.3333333333333333
function code(x) return Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = x * 0.3333333333333333; end
code[x_] := N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
x \cdot 0.3333333333333333
\end{array}
Initial program 6.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.1%
Final simplification99.1%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (* x x) 15.0))) (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x)))))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (fabs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if (abs(x) < 0.026d0) then
tmp = (x / 3.0d0) * (1.0d0 + ((x * x) / 15.0d0))
else
tmp = (1.0d0 / x) - (1.0d0 / tan(x))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if (Math.abs(x) < 0.026) {
tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0));
} else {
tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / Math.tan(x));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if math.fabs(x) < 0.026: tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)) else: tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / math.tan(x)) return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = Float64(Float64(x / 3.0) * Float64(1.0 + Float64(Float64(x * x) / 15.0))); else tmp = Float64(Float64(1.0 / x) - Float64(1.0 / tan(x))); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if (abs(x) < 0.026) tmp = (x / 3.0) * (1.0 + ((x * x) / 15.0)); else tmp = (1.0 / x) - (1.0 / tan(x)); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Less[N[Abs[x], $MachinePrecision], 0.026], N[(N[(x / 3.0), $MachinePrecision] * N[(1.0 + N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] / 15.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Tan[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\left|x\right| < 0.026:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x}{3} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{x \cdot x}{15}\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
herbie shell --seed 2023187
(FPCore (x)
:name "invcot (example 3.9)"
:precision binary64
:pre (and (< -0.026 x) (< x 0.026))
:herbie-target
(if (< (fabs x) 0.026) (* (/ x 3.0) (+ 1.0 (/ (* x x) 15.0))) (- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))
(- (/ 1.0 x) (/ 1.0 (tan x))))